Exam 2 Key Concepts HIST 1020 Gaddis

The Enlightenment

A global revolution in thought, technology, andsociety toward a new view of the world andman's place in it.

Major Components of the Enlightenment

1. Scientific Revolution

2. Age of Exploration

3. Incorporating lessons from other societies

4. Distrust in preexisting institutions

5. Search for universal laws

6. Ongoing process of global exchange

Universal Laws

Concepts and ideas that explained and applied to all mankind (looking outside of religion)

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker;

1. Societies were not built by god but by man

2. Reason dictates that divine right monarchies are false

3. Men engaged with their rulers in a "social contract"

4. People had right to rebel against tyranny, create new social contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment thinker;

1. Man is inherently good

2. All men are born good thus all men are equal

3. Influenced by Confucian thought

4. Wrote "The Social Contract"

Tipu Sultan

Enlightenment thinker;

1. Modernized rule

- Hindu, Islamic, European philosophy

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

- John Locke supported this idea

Three forms of resistance

Legislative resistance, Economic resistance, Popular protest

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Three Estates

1st (Clergy, 1%), 2nd (Nobility 2%), 3rd (Everyone else 97%)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

The Age of Revolutions

(1774-1848 CE) a period of significant revolutionary movements in Europe and the Americas; noted for its changes from absolutist monarchies to constitutional states and republics

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.

Haiti's Impact

Inspired terror across the Atlantic world, increased slavery elsewhere, Fear of revolt and control by lowest members of society, sugar production increased elsewhere

Napoleonic Code

Civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Also created the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

written by Olympe de Gouges, provides a declaration parallel to the one for men, thus criticizing the deputies for having forgotten women. She addressed the pamphlet to the Queen, Marie Antoinette.

Revolution from Below

revolutions in which a mass uprising of the populace to overthrow the government plays a central role

Commodification

Giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously perceived as having a money-related value. (slavery)

Nat Turner's Uprising

• In August, 1831 he and other enslaved people attacked slaveholders

- Killed around 60 before being subdued

• Aftermath: spread fear throughout South

- More restrictive laws around literacy, travel, etc. passed for slaves

Freedom

the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.

Abolitionism and Individual Revolution

• Began as popular movement in late 18th/early 19th century

- In Britain, spread to the U.S.

• Put pressure on governments to end slavery

• Never a large group of people

- Initially led by elite white people

- Eventually by former slaves

- A smaller, less popular revolution

- Put revolution back into hands of individuals, away from government

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Industrious Revolution

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.

Artisanal Process

A production process characterized by minimal automation, little division of labor, and a small number of highly skilled craftsman as opposed to a larger, less-trained traditional workforce.

Anthropocene

the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment

Mechanical Process

aided by rise of new technologies

Tea

went from being a valuable commodity to a culturally significant pastime within the working classes (from luxury to necessity)

Millenarian Revolt

Group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed

Pan-Indian Unity

All tribes united as one people (new concept) as an effort to resistance to colonization

Proletarian

member of the working class

Labor Theory of Value

The belief that all value in produced goods is derived from labor

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Indian rebellion against the English East India Company to bring religious purification, an egalitarian society, and local and communal solidarity without the interference of British rule.

Radicalism

The political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society

Taiping War

civil war/uprising from 1850-1864 led by Hong Xiuquan and the Society of God-Worshippers. The long term causes of the war included local corruption and population growth but in the short term reacted to Opium War disolcation, pirates in the south, and anti Manchu sentiment that accompanied the idea that Christianity was originally Chinese.

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by William Henry Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

East India Company

British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.