ANAPHY LEC - SPECIAL SENSES EYES

Thermoreceptors

The specific sensory receptors responsible for detecting temperature changes and heat.

Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to physical force, pressure, sound vibrations, and balance.

Nociceptors

Sensory receptors that detect tissue damage and transmit pain signals.

General senses of touch (Tactile)

The general sensory classification associated with tactile sensations such as temperature, pressure, and pain.

Olfaction

The anatomical term for the sense of smell.

Chemoreceptors

The sensory receptor classification responsible for detecting chemicals in both olfaction and gustation.

Airborne chemicals

The specific form/state of chemicals detected by olfactory chemoreceptors.

Nasal cavity

The anatomical structure/cavity where airborne chemicals are detected during olfaction.

Gustation

The anatomical term for the sense of taste.

Taste buds

The specialized sensory structures that house chemoreceptors responsible for gustation.

Dissolved chemicals

The required state/form of chemicals needed to stimulate gustatory chemoreceptors inside taste buds.

Vision

The anatomical term for the sense of sight.

Photoreceptors

The sensory receptor classification specialized to detect light stimuli.

Rods and cones

The two specific types of photoreceptor cells present in the retina.

Retina

The inner layer of the eye containing rods and cones that senses light.

Light

The specific energy stimulus detected by rods and cones in the retina.

Audition

The anatomical term for the sense of hearing.

Mechanoreceptors

The general sensory receptor classification shared by both hearing and equilibrium.

Hair cells

The specialized sensory receptor cells in the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule.

Cochlea

The inner ear structure containing hair cells responsible for detecting sound vibrations.

Sound vibrations

The specific physical stimulus detected by hair cells within the cochlea during audition.

Equilibrium

The special sense commonly known as balance.

Semicircular canals and vestibule

The two specific inner ear structures housing mechanoreceptors responsible for balance and equilibrium.

Head position and motion

The two specific parameters of movement detected by hair cells in the semicircular canals and vestibule.

Eyes

The anatomical location containing 70 percent of all sensory receptors in the human body.

Over a million nerve fibers

The number of nerve fibers contained in each eye.

Transmit a huge amount of visual information (HD) to the brain almost instantly

The primary function of the millions of nerve fibers in each eye.

Brain

The destination where visual information is transmitted almost instantly by the nerve fibers.

Bony orbit

The skeletal structure that encloses and protects most of the eye.

Eye socket

The common term or synonym for the bony orbit.

Lacrimal bone

The bone forming the medial aspect of the bony orbit.

Ethmoid bone

The bone forming the posterior aspect of the bony orbit.

Sphenoid bone

The bone forming the lateral aspect of the bony orbit.

Frontal bone

The bone forming the superior aspect of the bony orbit.

Zygomatic bone and Maxilla

The two bones forming the inferior aspect of the bony orbit.

Cushion of fat

The protective, soft-tissue material surrounding most of the eye inside the bony orbit.

Eyelids

Accessory structures that function to brush particles out of the eye or cover the eye.

Eyelashes

Hair-like accessory structures that trap particles and keep them out of the eye.

Ciliary glands

The modified sweat glands located between the eyelashes.

Between the eyelashes

The anatomical location of ciliary glands.

Acidic sweat

The fluid secreted by ciliary glands.

To kill bacteria

The primary function of the acidic property in ciliary gland sweat.

Lubricate eyelashes

The protective functional role of ciliary gland secretions regarding eyelashes.

Conjunctiva

The thin mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of the eyeball.

Seal

The structural feature created when the conjunctiva connects from the inner eyelid to the outer surface of the eye.

Mucus

The fluid substance secreted by the conjunctiva to keep the surface of the eye moist and lubricated.

Lubricate the eye

The functional purpose of the mucus secreted by the conjunctiva.

Conjunctivitis

The clinical condition defined as inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Conjunctiva

The specific tissue layer affected by inflammation during conjunctivitis.

Bacterial or viral infection

The two primary types of pathogens/infections that cause conjunctivitis.

Highly contagious

The epidemiological characteristic describing how easily conjunctivitis spreads from person to person.

Sore eyes

The common or colloquial name that many people use to refer to viral conjunctivitis.

Viral conjunctivitis

The specific type of conjunctivitis that is commonly referred to as "sore eyes".

Adenoviruses

The family/group of viruses that most commonly causes viral conjunctivitis ("sore eyes").

Lacrimal apparatus

The system/group of structures responsible for producing and draining lacrimal fluid in the eye.

Lacrimal gland

The specific gland responsible for producing lacrimal fluid.

Lacrimal fluid (Tears)

The technical term for the fluid secreted by the lacrimal gland, commonly referred to as tears.

Water

The main fluid component of tears that functions to keep the eye moist.

Keeps eye moist

The specific functional role of water in lacrimal fluid.

Mucus

The component of lacrimal fluid that assists in spreading tears evenly across the ocular surface.

Helps spread tears evenly

The specific functional role of mucus in lacrimal fluid.

Lysozyme & antibodies

The two specific substances in lacrimal fluid that protect the eye against bacteria.

Lacrimal sac

The structure that provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards the nasal cavity.

Nasolacrimal duct

The duct that empties lacrimal fluid directly into the nasal cavity.

Nasal cavity

The anatomical cavity into which tears ultimately drain through the nasolacrimal duct.

Dilute salt solution

The chemical nature/composition of tears.

Antibodies

The components of lacrimal fluid that specifically fight antigens.

Antigen

The term for a foreign substance that triggers an immune response by antibodies.

Lysozyme

The enzyme found in lacrimal fluid that functions to destroy bacteria.

Bacteria

The specific biological targets destroyed by lysozyme.

Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye

The three main functions performed by lacrimal fluid on the eye.

Nasal cavity

The anatomical cavity into which lacrimal fluid empties.

Extrinsic eye muscles

The group of muscles that attach to the outer surface of the eye to produce eye movements.

Produce eye movements

The primary function of the extrinsic eye muscles.

Outer surface of the eye

The anatomical attachment location of the extrinsic eye muscles.

Superior oblique

The extrinsic eye muscle that contracts to make the eyes look out and down.

Superior rectus

The extrinsic eye muscle that contracts to make the eyes look up.

Lateral rectus

The extrinsic eye muscle that contracts to make the eyes look outward.

Medial rectus

The extrinsic eye muscle that contracts to make the eyes look inward.

Inferior rectus

The extrinsic eye muscle that contracts to make the eyes look down.

Inferior oblique

The extrinsic eye muscle that contracts to make the eyes look in and up.

Fibrous tunic

The outermost protective layer of the eye wall.

Vascular tunic

The middle layer of the eye wall.

Retina

The innermost sensory layer of the eye wall.

Sclera and cornea

The two anatomical components that make up the fibrous tunic.

Iris, ciliary body, and choroid

The three anatomical components that make up the vascular tunic.

Photoreceptor layer and neurons

The two components that make up the retina.

Sclera

The white connective tissue layer of the fibrous tunic that is seen anteriorly as the "white of the eye".

Semi-transparent

The physical clarity/transparency property ascribed to the sclera.

Cornea

The transparent, central anterior portion of the fibrous tunic.

Refracts (or bends) light

The process performed by the cornea on light as it enters the eye.

It is the only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection.

The unique clinical characteristic of the cornea regarding tissue transplantation in humans.

It is avascular.

The underlying vascular reason why corneal transplants can be performed without fear of immune rejection.

Ciliary body

The smooth muscle structure of the vascular layer that contracts to adjust the shape of the lens.

Iris

The pigmented layer of the vascular tunic that gives the eye its color and regulates light entry.

Pupil

The rounded opening located within the center of the iris.

Choroid

The middle layer structure that nourishes the retina and absorbs stray light.

Ciliary body

The vascular tunic structure containing muscles that change lens shape and produce aqueous humor.

Aqueous humor

The fluid produced by the ciliary body.

Iris

The colored part of the eye that functions to control pupil size.