Biology Midterm Review

Scatterplot

Scatterplot

Independent variable is continuous, points are NOT connected, often uses line of best fit to show relationship

Line Graph

Independent variable is continuous, points are connected, often used for time

Bar Graph

Uses bars for comparison, independent variable NOT continuous and is not in specific order

Histogram

Independent variable is continuous, bars touch

Pie Chart

Shows portions of a whole, broken down by %

Limiting Factors

Factors that limit the growth of a population

Ecosystem

An environment of abiotic and biotic factors

Population

Group of same species in the same place and time

Community

A group of different species that live together in one area

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size that can be supported

Parasitism

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit

Commensalism

One organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Intraspecific Competition

Competition between members of the same species

Interspecific Competition

Competition between members of different species

Biotic

Living

Abiotic

Non-living

Exponential Growth

Constant rate of growth

Logistic Growth

The leveling off of exponential growth due to limiting resources

Biodiversity

Variety of organisms in ecosystem

Trophic Levels

Primary --> secondary --> tertiary

Producers

Make their own food (autotrophs)

Consumers

Gets energy by consuming others (heterotrophs)

Food Chain

Shows who eats who

Food Web

All the food chains in an ecosystem

Trophic Level Energy Transfer

10% passes to next level, 90% is lost as heat

Meandering Stream

A single channel that winds snakelike through its valley

High Gradient Stream

Steep slope and rapid flow of water

Low Gradient Stream

Level stream bed and slow moving water

Impervious Surfaces

Places where water cannot seep through

Pervious Surfaces

Places where water can seep through

Runoff

Excess water flowing on land

Deposition

DROPPING of sediment in new area (eg. sand)

Erosion

MOVEMENT of sediment from broken rock (eg, water, wind, ice, gravity)

Weathering

BREAKING down of rock (eg. water, ice, wind, plants, animals)

Mechanical Weathering

Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces with physical force

Chemical Weathering

Changing of materials in a rock by chemical processes

Hydrogen Bonds

Electrons shares unevenly, weak attraction with opposite charges, polar molecules bond with other polar

Covalent Bonds

Bonds between 2 atoms where electron pairs share

Polar

Electrons shared unevenly between atoms

Nonpolar

Electrons shared equally

Ionic Bonds

Loss/gains of electron opposite charges causes attraction

Solvent

Something a solute is dissolved in

Solvent + Solute =

Solution

Water Cycle

Water trapped in system in which it can't be added nor removed

Precipitation

Water returning to Earth's surface

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Transpiration

Evaporation of water in plants

Percolation

Cleaning/filtering of water through ground

Carbon Cycle

Carbon is recycled between organic and inorganic molecules, life on Earth is carbonated

Decomposition

Bacteria/fungi breaks down dead organisms into simple compounds

Fossil Fuels

Carbon is released disproportionally

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Bacteria that convert nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants and animals

Decomposers

Organisms that break down the dead organisms to create nutrients

Human Effect On Fossil Fuels

Human activities can unbalance nitrogen in the environment when fossil fuels are burned

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy for organisms

Carbohydrate Mononer

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrate Atoms

C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio

Carbohydrate Features

Hexagons, hydrophilic

3 Classes Of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Lipids

long term energy storage

Lipids Monomer

Fatty acids attached to glycerol

Lipid Atoms

C, H, O

Lipid Features

Long straight lines, hydrophobic

Saturated Fats

Straight and has hydrogen

Unsaturated Fats

No hydrogen, carbons form double bonds

Proteins

Building blocks for organisms, enzyme reactions speed up

Protein Monomer

Amino acids connected by peptide bonds

Peptide Bond

Forms when 2 amino acids connect, resulting in polypeptide

Protein Atoms

C, H, O, N

Protein Features

Ribbon blobs

Simple Carbohydrates

1 or 2 sugars

Complex Carbohydrates

3 or more sugars

Brown Paper Test - Positive For Lipids

Oil spreads, absorbs slow

Brown Paper Test - Negative For Lipids

Dries quickly

Biuret's Test - Positive For Proteins

Purple

Biuret's Test - Negative For Proteins

Blue

Benedict's Test - Positive For Carbs

White

Benedict's Test - Negative For Carbs

Blue

Glucose Test Strips - Positive For Carbs

Green

Glucose Test Strips - Negative For Carbs

Stays the same

Lugol's Iodine Test - Positive For Carbs

Dark brown

Lugol's Iodine Test - Negative For Carbs

Red

Monomer

Single units to form polymers

Polymer

Many monomers joined together

Hydrolysis

Reaction that adds water to separate polymers

Dehydration Synthesis

Reaction that removes water to make macomolecules

Cell Membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model made up with proteins attached to phospholipid bilayer

Phospholipids

1 polar head and 2 nonpolar tails

Selectively Permeable

Regulates what enters and exits

Passive Transport

Transports high to low concentration gradient (no energy)

Active Transport

Moves against concentration gradient (requires energy)

Endocytosis

Large msterials going into the cell, doesn't need proteins

Exocytosis

Releases large materials out of cell, doesn't need proteins

Simple Diffusion

Molecules pass without help, going along concentration gradient (only small nonpolar)

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses channel proteins to move small polar molecules (no energy required)

Osmosis (Passive Transport)

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

High concentration of solute