4 (A2):memory models

what is Atkinson and Shiffrins memory model known as

• multi-store memory model

what is encoding

• involves the conversion of information into codes

  • visual codes, auditory codes and semantic codes

• If information is considered important enough and is rehearsed  →passed onto long term memory

• the latter conversion of codes into something of meaning

  • e.g a basketball coach telling us a tactical play, may not remember it word for word but would remember the essential meaning

what is storage

• concerns the retention of information over a period of time

what is retrieval

• recovering the information that has been stored

• Recall of information is passed from long term memory to short term memory 

• important for processes

• previous experiences affect how we judge and interpret information and the course of action we take

what does the success of retrieval depend on

• how well the information is known

• the quantity of information

the multi-store memory model

• sensory store → short term memory → long term memory

Sensory store

• form of stimuli enters the brain from the environment

• 0.25s -1 s stored before it is filtered

where does selective attention take place

sensory store

what is selective attention

• relevant information is filtered through into the short term memory and irrelevant information is lost or forgotten

• helps to shut out distractions

short term memory

• information stored here to decide what needs to be done

• limited amount of information

• held for 30s

• can also be held in a process called chunking

how can a performer extend time that information is held in the short term memory

• to extend time a performer can rehearse the information through imagery or subverbal repetition

chunking

• different pieces of information can be grouped together and then remembered as one piece of information

If information is considered important enough and is rehearsed it will be passed onto ….

• long term memory

  • process is called encoding

Info that is not important enough or not rehearsed ….

• will be forgotten or lost as

• does not go into the long term memory

long term memory

• limitless capacity

• holds information for a very long time

• stored information has been encoding

• stored by associating it with meaning

• motor programs are saved in the long term memory , as have been rehearsed many times

what is continual rehearsal

• skill becomes almost automatic

• associated with the long term memory

what is overlearning

• process of learning by rehearsal

• if using particular motor skills regularly, more likely to remember them

strengths of the multi-store memory model

• simple to understand

• explains how an individual can deal with large amounts of information

• gives a realistic answer how an individual deals with information they take in from the environment

• explains how those with brain damage can suffer from dysfunctional memory

• long term element explains how an individual can perform a skill they haven’t done for a long time

• it is true that information that is chunked more likely to be stored in LTM

• explains how information that is not rehearsed gets forgotten

weaknesses of the multi-store memory model

• model is too simplified

• has not been proven

• does not explain why an individual will remember one type of information but not another

• does not prove distinction of LTM and STM

• does not quantify how much repetition results in LTM storage

• does not account for individual difference in capacity

• does not account for motivation or understanding and its effect on memory

what was Craik and Lockhart model known as

• levels of processing

Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model diagram

Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model

• how deeply we consider or process information dictates how long it is stored

• shows what we do with the information

• the meaning of information is much more relevant that repetition

CL : Information received by the brain wil be stored in the long term memory and therefore more remembered if the information: 

• is considered

• is understood

• has meaning (related to past memories)

what is depth of processing ?

• how much the information is considered

• The deeper the information is processed the longer memory or memory trace will last

what is memory trace

• when the brain cells retain or store information

what is the structural level of verbal processing ?

• involves paying attention to what the words look like

• shallow level of processing

what is the phonetic level of verbal processing ?

• processing the sound of words

what is the semantic level of verbal processing ?

• this considers the actual meaning of words

• deepest level of processing

How does the craik and lockhart model affect approach to learning a skill

• instructions and demonstrations need to be able to show or elicit meaning from the activity

• the more information means something to the performer → the more likely it is they will remember it

examples of How the craik and lockhart model affect approach to learning a skill

•  a gymnastics coach explaining why it is important to take a tuck position in a somersault to ensure the greater speed of rotation 

  • The performer is more likely to understand why she has to assume tuck position and remember it

Advantages of Craik and Lockhart’s model of levels of processing

• Explains well that is we understand some information we are more likely to remember it 

• Longer we consider information, the more we remember it

disadvantages of Craik and Lockhart’s model of levels of processing

• The longer time it takes us to process information does not always lead to better recall 

• Depth of processing does not always  help us to remember 

• Difficulty in defining what deep processing actually means 

• Does not take into account individual differences

Ways in which memory can be improved: rehearsal

• This can be useful for the retrieval of information in both short and long term memory 

Ways in which memory can be improved: rehearsal e.g

• The tennis player will rehearse her serve phhysically and mentally by practising the throw u[p of the ball, the backswing , the strike and the follow through

Ways in which memory can be improved: meaningfulness

• The more the information is seen as relevant to our needs,the more likely we are to remember it 

• Shown in levels of processing model

Ways in which memory can be improved:  meaningfulness e.g

• The tennis coach will how that the coaching info given will raise performance levels 

Ways in which memory can be improved:  association

• If new information is linked somehow to old information, itis more likely ti be remembered thus associating it with something already known 

• Levels of processing approach

Ways in which memory can be improved:  association e.g

• The tennis coach will show the player that new information regarding serve technique is simply an adaptation of the old skills so learning a whole new skill is not required

Ways in which memory can be improved:  avoiding overload

• Any new information must be allowed to sink in thus avoiding potential confusion

• Relates to multi store memory model

Ways in which memory can be improved:  avoiding overload e.g

• The tennis coach will only give a few points for the player to remember before the match

Ways in which memory can be improved:  organise information

• Chunking can expand the STM 

• Complex pieces of info should be grouped to aid understanding

• Relating the multi store memory model

Ways in which memory can be improved:  organise information e.g

• The trampolinist will remember a complex sequence by mentally putting together the small moves to make bigger ones

Ways in which memory can be improved:  mental imagery

• A performer will often remember a visual representation far more than verbal instructions 

• Processing approach

Ways in which memory can be improved:  mental imagery e.g

• The trampoline coach demonstrates the move to the performer and or shows him a video of the sequence soitcan be remembered more effectively 

Ways in which memory can be improved 😃

• mental imagery

• organise information

• avoiding overload

• association

• meaningfulness

• rehearsal