respiratory system

The entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells; how an organism obtains energy

respiration

what does respiration consist of

ventilation

external respiration

transport of gases by the blood between lungs and body cells

internal respiration

cellular respiration

movement of air in and out of lungs

ventilation

the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood

external respiration

the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells

internal respiration

oxygen utilization and production of carbon dioxide in body cells

cellular respiration

what is a metabolic waste of respiration

carbon dioxide

when carbon dioxide reacts with water it creates__________(which contributes to the blood pH). too much carbon dioxide will ______blood pH

carbonic acid, lower

5 parts of the upper respiratory tract

nose

nasal cavity

sinuses

pharynx

larynx

nose contains…

external nares, internal hairs

nasal cavity contains

nasal septum(divides two halves)

nasal conchae

mucous membrane

cilia

Sinuses description

Air-filled spaces that reduce the weight of the skull and serve as resonant chambers

pharynx description

moves food and air

sound production (speech)

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

larynx description

moves air, prevents objects, house vocal cords

Numerous cartilages (thyroid, cricoid)

epiglottis (blocks trachea when swallowing)

false vocal cords: close larynx when swallowing

true vocal cords: produce sound of speech

pitch: ___ on vocal cords

tension

Volume: _____ of air passing over vocal cords

force

3 parts of lower respiratory tract

trachea

bronchial tree

lungs

trachea description

air passageway

divides into bronchii

bronchial tree description

primary bronchii: first branches

secondary bronchii

tertiary bronchii

bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs

alveoli: gas exchange

filter incoming air and distribute alveoli

lungs description

separated by the heart and mediastinum

enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage

left has 2 lobes, right has 3 lobes

membranes attached to the surface of the lungs

visceral pleura

membranes that line thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

area between membranes

pleural cavity

force that moves into lungs is

atmospheric pressure

if pressure inside the lungs _______, outside air will flow into passageways

decreases

nerves that stimulate diaphragm

phrenic

locates in the alveoli and functions to reduce the alveoli’s tendency to collapse

surfactant

air is forced out of respiratory passageways because pressure inside lungs ____ and goes above atmospheric pressure

increases

what muscles air in a more forceful exhalation than normal?

intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

what are respiratory volumes and capacities used for

evaluate the course of respiratory illnesses

the measure of air volumes

spirometry

a respiratory cycle is 1 _____ plus the following _____

inhalation, exhalation

volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle

tidal volume

what is the normal resting tidal volume

500 mL

extra volume of air that enters the lungs in addition to the resting tidal volume (also state what the max amount is)

inspiratory reserve volume (aka complemental air), max of 3000 mL

opposite of IRV; extra volume of air that you can exhale in addition to the resting tidal volume (also state the max amount)

expiratory reserve volume (1100mL), aka supplemental air

air that always remains in the lungs after a forceful expiration

residual volume, 1200mL

vital capacity equation

IRV+TV+ERV (around 4600mL)

maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking deepest breath possible

vital capacity

inspiratory capacity equation

IC = TV + IRV (around 3600mL)

maximum volume of air a person can inhale following normal, resting expiration

inspiratory capacity

functional residual capacity equation

ERV+ RV