Biology - Digestion Test

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Metabolism

transformation of matter and energy

Ingestion

taking in food

Digestion

breaking down food into nutrients

Absorption

taking in nutrients by cells

Egestion

removing any leftover wastes

Mouth

where food enters the body and is physically broken down by teeth

Salivary glands

release salivary amylase that starts to break down carbs and moisten food

Bolus

ball of food that is formed by the tongue

Pharynx

throat

Epiglottis

sends the bolus down the esophagus and not the windpipe

Esophagus

tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach

Peristalsis

waves of muscle contractions that push the bolus down the esophagus

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

muscle that keeps stomach acid out of the esophagus

Stomach

organ that mechanically churns the bolus and mixes it with acidic gastric juice

Rugae

folds in the stomach

Mucus

protects the lining of stomach from acid

Pyloric Sphincter

takes the bolus out of the stomach as chyme

Small Intestine

made of duodenum, jejunum, illeum

Duodenum

where most macromolecule digestion happens using pancreatic enzymes and bile

Bile

a salt made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and emulsifies lipids

Jejunum

where most absorption occurs using villi

Villi

small fingers that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption

Illeum

compacts leftovers to pass through the large intestine

Caecum

moves food between small intestine and large intestine

Large Intestine / Colon

absorb water and vitamins

Rectum

turns leftover waste into feces to pass out of the body

Surface Area to Volume ratio

ratio that is maximized to absorb the most amount of nutrients

Primary organ

foods passes through it

Accessory organ

helps digestion by producing things

Heartburn

when stomach acid enters the esophagus

Ulcers

when bacteria block mucus from protecting stomach lining

Pepsin

enzyme in the stomach that breaks down protein

Capillaries

capture nutrients in the villi and enter it into the bloodstream

Liver

organ that creates bile and glycogen

Pancreas

creates enzymes and a base that neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine

Amylase

enzyme that breaks down carbs; can be salivary or pancreatic

Lipase

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down lipids

Trypsin

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down protein

Nuclease

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down nucleic acid

Glycosidic linkages

bonds that connect monosaccharides into polysaccharides

Insulin

hormone made in beta cells of pancreas that makes cells take in glucose

Glucagon

hormone made in alpha cells of pancreas that makes the body create glucose

Glucose

blood sugar

Alimentary Canal

path that food travels through the body

Mechanical digestion

breaking down food using physical processes

Chemical digestion

breaking down food using chemical reactions powered by enzymes

Negative Feedback Loop

loop that cycles an imbalanced state into a balanced state

Type 1 Diabetes cause

caused by immune system destroying beta cells in pancreas that make insulin

Diabetes symptoms

increased urination, feeling thirsty, fatigue and dizziness

Type 2 diabetes cause

caused by body cells developing immunity to insulin

Low C-peptides

indicates type 1 diabetes

High C-peptides

indicates type 2 diabetes

effect of high blood sugar

pancreas beta cells create insulin for body cells to take in glucose and liver stores glucose as glycogen

effect of low blood sugar

pancreas alpha cells create glucagon and liver creates glucose from stored glycogen

glycogen

stored glucose polymer in the liver

HYPOglycemia cause

very low blood sugar from taking too much insulin

HYPOglycemia treatment

eating sugar to raise blood sugar

HYPERglycemia cause

very high blood sugar from eating too much sugar

HYPERglycemia treatment

taking insulin to lower blood sugar