UW Madison Psych 202 final exam

Central Route Persuasion

Persuasion using facts and logic.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Persuasion via superficial cues like attractiveness.

Reciprocity

Mutual exchange in relationships.

Matching Hypothesis

People pair with similar levels of attractiveness.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion stages of stress response.

Relaxation Response

Reduced stress via calming activities.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Chronic worry across many areas.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessions and compulsions disrupting life.

Major Depressive Disorder

Persistent sadness and loss of interest.

Bipolar Disorder

Alternating depression and mania.

Mania

Period of elevated mood, activity, and energy.

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder with hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking.

Negative Symptoms

Absence of typical behaviors (e.g., motivation, speech).

Dissociative Disorders

Disruptions in identity, memory, or consciousness.

Personality Disorders

Enduring, inflexible patterns of behavior causing distress or impairment.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Disregard for others' rights.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in relationships, mood, and self-image.

Schizotypal (distorted reality)

suspiciousness or paranoia, displays inappropriate emotions, lacks friends

Paranoid (delusional/paranoid)

Paranoia, distrustful, keeps grudges, easily offended

Schizoid (social withdrawal)

uninterest in others, solitary, unaffected by praise and criticism

Cluster A

Schizotypal, paranoid, schizoid

Cluster B

Antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

complete lack of regard for other peoples rights or feelings

Cluster C

Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

Dissociative disorders

individuals become split off from core sense of self

Disorganized speech

disjointed and incoherent verbal thought processes

Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

unusual behaviors/movements

Catatonic behaviors

decreased reactivity to the environment; holding rigid postures for a long period

Paranoid/persecutory delusions

belief that people are out to get you

Grandiose delusions

belief that one has special powers

Somatic delusions

belief that something is happening to ones body

Thought withdrawal/insertion

disturbances of thought ownership

Hallucinations

perceptual experience that occurs but isn't real

Delusions

beliefs that are contrary to reality

Aaron Beck

depression-prone people posses predispositions to thinks about things in a negative way (depressive schemas)

Depressive schemas

contain themes of loss, failre, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy

Hopelessness theory

negative thinking -> hopelessness -> depression

Rumination

distressed mood -> rumination -> increased risk and duration of mood

Seasonal depressive pattern

a person experiences symptoms of depression during a particular season a year

Peripartum onset (postpartum depression)

major depression in 4 weeks following birth

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

not as severe as major depressive disorder (2 symptoms) but lasts every day for 2 years

Intrapersonal Topics

Emotions, attitudes, the self, social cognition.

Interpersonal Topics

Aggression, prejudice, discrimination, attraction, group processes.

Situationism

Behavior determined by environment.

Dispositionism

Behavior determined by internal traits.

Attribution

Belief about the cause of an outcome.

Locus of Control

Internal vs. external.

Stability

Changeable or not.

Controllability

the extent a person thinks they can influence an event

Fundamental Attribution Error

Overemphasizing internal causes for others' behavior.

Halo Effect

One positive trait influences overall impression.

Actor-Observer Bias

Others' actions = internal causes; ours = situational.

Self-Serving Bias

Taking credit for successes, blaming failures on external factors.

Just-World Hypothesis

Belief that people get what they deserve.

Social Role

Expected behavior for a social position.

Social Norm

Group's accepted behavior.

Script

Expected sequence of events in a setting.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Study on social roles; guards became abusive, prisoners became passive.

Attitude

Evaluation of a person, idea, or object.

Cognitive Dissonance

Discomfort from inconsistent attitudes/behaviors (Leon Festinger).

Justification of Effort

Harder initiation increases loyalty.

Persuasion

Changing attitudes through communication.

Central Route

Logic and facts.

Peripheral Route

Cues like emotions or celebrity endorsement.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

Small request followed by a bigger one.

Conformity

Adjusting behavior to match a group.

Informational Influence

Belief group is correct.

Normative Influence

Wanting acceptance.

Asch Effect

Group majority influences judgment.

Obedience

Compliance with authority (Milgram Experiment).

Groupthink

Group consensus over individual opinions.

Group Polarization

Stronger attitudes after group discussion.

Prejudice

Negative feelings toward a group.

Stereotype

Specific belief about a group.

Discrimination

Negative action against a group member.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations cause behaviors that confirm expectations.

Confirmation Bias

Seeking information that supports stereotypes.

In-group/Out-group

Favoring one's own group.

Scapegoating

Blaming out-group for in-group problems.

Aggression

Behavior intended to cause harm.

Hostile Aggression

Anger-driven.

Instrumental Aggression

Goal-driven.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Frustration leads to aggression.

Bystander Effect

More bystanders = less likely to help.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Responsibility spread among all.

Prosocial Behavior

Helping others voluntarily.

Altruism

Helping without self-benefit.

Empathy

Understanding others' feelings.

Social Exchange Theory

Helping based on benefit vs. cost.

Attraction Factors

Proximity, similarity, reciprocity, self-disclosure.

Triangular Theory of Love

Intimacy, passion, commitment.

Stress

Negative feelings (frustration, anger, conflict) from challenging demands.

Stimulus-Based Stress

Stress defined as an external event or situation.

Response-Based Stress

Stress defined as a physiological reaction.

Cognitive Appraisal

Personal interpretation of a situation.

Primary Appraisal

Assessing threat vs. challenge.

Secondary Appraisal

Evaluating coping options.

Eustress

Positive stress that motivates.

Distress

Negative stress leading to burnout.

Stress and Demographics

Higher in women, unemployed, lower education/income.