Week 7: Endocrine System 3: Hypothalamus & Pituitary glands

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Last updated 11:34 PM on 5/28/26
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8 Terms

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Pituitary gland

Bean-sized gland that is protected within a pocket of bone.

Two different glands which fused during development.

  • Anterior pituitary: True endocrine gland — secretes hormones

  • Posterior pituitary: Extension of neural brain tissue — secretes neurohormones from the hypothalamus

<p>Bean-sized gland that is protected within a pocket of bone.</p><p>Two different glands which fused during development.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Anterior pituitary</strong>: True endocrine gland — secretes hormones</p></li><li><p><strong>Posterior pituitary</strong>: Extension of neural brain tissue — secretes neurohormones from the hypothalamus</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Posterior pituitary gland

Extension of neural tissue, secretes neurohormones from the hypothalamus.

Secretes 2 hormones: BOTH PEPTIDE HORMONES

  • Oxytocin: Motor control. Controls ejection of milk when breast-feeding & contractions during labour

  • Vasopressin: Antidiuretic, acts on kidneys to regulate water balance.

<p>Extension of neural tissue, secretes <strong>neurohormones</strong> from the <strong>hypothalamus</strong>.</p><p>Secretes 2 hormones: BOTH PEPTIDE HORMONES</p><ul><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Oxytocin</mark></strong>: Motor control. Controls ejection of milk when breast-feeding &amp; contractions during labour</p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Vasopressin</mark></strong>: Antidiuretic, acts on kidneys to regulate water balance.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anterior pituitary gland

True endocrine gland, secretes hormones.

Secretes 6 hormones:

  1. Prolactin (PRL): Controls milk production during lactation

  2. Thyrotropin (TSH): Controls thyroid hormone production and synthesis

  3. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH): Controls adrenal glands’ cortisol release & synthesis

  4. Growth hormone (GH): Metabolism of tissues, stimulates liver hormone production

  5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Control activity of ovaries/testes cells

  6. Luteinizing hormone (LH): Control activity of ovaries/testes cells

Secretion of these hormones is controlled by other neurohormones found in the hypothalamus,

<p>True endocrine gland, secretes hormones.</p><p>Secretes 6 hormones:</p><ol><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Prolactin (PRL)</mark></strong>: Controls milk production during lactation</p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Thyrotropin (TSH)</mark></strong>: Controls thyroid hormone production and synthesis</p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)</mark></strong>: Controls adrenal glands’ cortisol release &amp; synthesis</p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Growth hormone (GH)</mark></strong>: Metabolism of tissues, stimulates liver hormone production</p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</mark></strong>: Control activity of ovaries/testes cells</p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit;">Luteinizing hormone (LH)</mark></strong>: Control activity of ovaries/testes cells</p></li></ol><p>Secretion of these hormones is controlled by other neurohormones found in the <strong>hypothalamus</strong>,</p>
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<p>Abbreviations/Synonymous names</p>

Abbreviations/Synonymous names

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Portal system: Hypothalamus → Anterior pituitary

As the anterior pituitary is not an extension of neural tissue, trophic neurohormones sent from the hypothalamus that control secretion of the hormones must be sent via blood. To ensure these hormones are not diluted by the blood the portal system takes place.

<p>As the anterior pituitary is not an extension of neural tissue, <em>trophic neurohormones</em> sent from the hypothalamus that control secretion of the hormones must be sent via blood. To ensure these hormones are not diluted by the blood the portal system takes place.</p>
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Hormone pathologies: Hypersecretion

Excess presence of a hormone, causes an exaggerated effect of hormones.

Can be caused by benign tumours (adenomas) or cancerous tumours of endocrine glands.

<p>Excess presence of a hormone, causes an <strong>exaggerated </strong>effect of hormones.</p><p>Can be caused by benign tumours (adenomas) or cancerous tumours of <strong>endocrine glands</strong>.</p>
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Hormone pathologies: Hyposecretion

Too little presence of a hormone, causes a stop to hormone pathways.

Can be caused by atrophy of endocrine glands.

<p>Too little presence of a hormone, causes a stop to hormone pathways.</p><p>Can be caused by atrophy of <strong>endocrine glands</strong>.</p>
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Hormone pathologies: Abnormal target tissue responsiveness

Target tissues show abnormal responses even though hormone levels may be within the normal range