A&P Chapter 26 Fluid, Electolytes, & Buffers

Intracellular fluid

Fluid found within a cell

Plasma

Fluid portion of the blood

Extracellular fluid

Fluid found outside of a cell

Interstitial fluid

Fluid found within the tissue

Electrolytes

Ionic compounds that separate in water, is a solute, ex. NaCl→Na+^ +Cl -^

Nonelectrolytes

Covalent compounds that don’t separate in water, ex. Glucose.

Obligatory water loss

The minimum amount of water required to dissolve urine wastes.

Water intoxication

Consuming too much water in a short period of time, symptoms are cramping, cerebral edema, vomiting, coma, death.

Alkalosis

A blood pH greater than 7.45 over excites the nervous system tremors nervousness convulsions

Acidosis

A blood pH less than 7.34 depresses the nervous system, death

Hypernatremia

Too much sodium high blood pressure, edema, CHF (congestive heart failure)

Hyponatremia

Two little sodium dehydration, shock

Hyperkalemia

Too much potassium, weakness, paralysis, bradycardia, arrhythmia

Hypokalemia

Two little potassium, weakness, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest

Hypermagnesemia

Too much magnesium, respiratory depression, lethargy,

Hypomagnesemia

Two little magnesium tremors convulsion

Hyperchloremia

Too much chlorine, metabolic acidosis, rapid breathing unconsciousness

Hypochloremia

Two little chlorine metabolic alkalosis

Hypercalcemia

Too much calcium kidney stones arrhythmias

Hypocalcemia

Two little calcium tremors convulsions

Respiratory acidosis

Low blood pH due to shallow breathing or pneumonia increase concentration of CO2 low pH

Respiratory alkalosis

High blood pH due to hyperventilation decrease concentration of CO2 high pH

Metabolic acidosis

Low blood pH due to reasons other than respiratory example, alcohol, diarrhea, diabetes, kidney failure

Metabolic alkalosis

high blood pH due to reasons other than the respiratory example, vomiting anti-acid abuse, constipation