Pesticide Applicator Test

Identify the species

Ash (Black, White, Green)

Identify the species

Black locust

Identify the species

Boxelder (Ash-leaf maple)

Identify the species

Red maple (soft maple)

Identify the species

Sassafras

Identify the species

Black willow

Identify the species

Wild Black Cherry

Identify the species

American Elm

Identify the species

Trembling Aspen (Quaking Aspen, Poplar)

Identify the species

Chicory

Identify the species

Cattail

Identify the species

Goldenrod (Gray Golden Rod)

Identify the species

Wild Carrot (Queen Anne’s Lace)

Identify the species

Canada Thistle

Identify the species

Poison Ivy

Identify the species

Musk Thistle

Identify the species

Purple Loosestrife

Identify the species

Phragmites

Identify the pump

Centrifugal sprayer pump

Uses an impeller to give high volumes at low pressures.

deliver high volumes of liquid at low pressure; low power requirement; only sprayer that is not positive displacement pump; not self-priming; can pump abrasive mixtures.

Identify the pump

Gear pump

Agricultural sprayers

Liquids or emulsions, but wear rapidly if suspensions are used.

Low to moderate volumes of liquid.

Not affected by solvents since all parts are metal.

deliver low to moderate volumes of liquid; requires more power than centrifugal pump, but still low power requirement; positive displacement pump; self-priming when in good condition; can pump liquids or emulsions, but wears rapidly if used to pump suspensions

Identify the pump

Roller pump

Low pressure and boom sprayers

More abrasion resistant, but suspensions can wear out rest of the pump after extended use.

used for low pressure treatments and boom sprayers; requires slightly higher power than gear pumps; positive displacement pump; self-priming; more abrasion-resistant than gear pumps, but suspensions wear it after extended use

Identify the pump

Diaphragm Pump

Extremely abrasion resistant

Best choice for abrasive spray suspensions

delivers similar volume and pressure as gear pumps; extremely abrasion-resistant, probably the best choice for abrasive spray suspensions

Identify the pump

Piston pump

Can handle wettable powder suspensions. Require more power than other pumps.

Excellent when higher pressures are required, or both high and low pressures are needed.

deliver moderate to high volumes of liquid at high pressures; require more power than the other pumps; abrasion-resistant, capable of handling wettable powder suspensions

Application equipment components—Tanks

Large enough to avoid frequent refilling

Stainless steel and fiberglass are best

Shut-off valve to hold liquid without leaking from pump

Application equipment components—Agitators

Prevent settling out of wettable powder suspensions

Mechanical agitation by paddles or propeller

Hydraulic agitation by return flow of the pump

Application equipment components—Strainers

Prevent scale, rust flakes, and other material from clogging the sprayer.

Application equipment components—Pressure regulator

Controls the pressure

Simple relief valves—by-pass valves that allow pump to keep working

Pressure unloaders—move overflow back into the tank at lower pressure

Application equipment components—Hoses

1. Composition (chief liner material)

2. Construction (reinforcement, rigidity, or flexibility)

3. Working pressure

4. Size

Application equipment components—Nozzles

Consist of body, screen, cap, tip/orifice plate

Regular flat fan nozzle

Off-center nozzle

Whirling discs

Steps for calibrating boom sprayers

Steps for calibrating granular and pellet spreaders

Right of Way—Biological Controls

Enhance the effects of pest natural enemies

ROW-Cultural Control

Create optimal growing conditions for plants you want to preserve, create unfavorable conditions for pests.

ROW-Mechanical Control

Removal using mechanical or manual tools

ROW Chemical Control

Pesticides

Four stages of plant development

1) Seedling – small, vulnerable plantlets.

2) Vegetative – rapid growth producing stems,

roots, and foliage. The plant’s uptake and

movement of water and nutrients is rapid and

thorough.

3) Seed production – energy directed toward

production of seed. The plant’s uptake of water

and nutrients is slow and is directed mainly to

flower, fruit, and seed structures.

4) Maturity – little or no energy production or

movement of water and nutrients.

Grasses

One leaf, monocot. Narrow with parallel veins.

Fibrous root systems.

Sedges

Triangular stems and three rows of leaves.

Rhizomes and tubers.

Herbaceous broadleaves

Two leaves as they emerge from seeds

Exposed growing points at the end of each stem and in each leaf axil

Perennials could also have growing points on roots and stems.

Vines

Similar to broadleaves, but vigorous sprouting habits

Brush and trees

Woody plants

Ferns

Produce by spores and creeping rhizomes. Moist soils.

Parasitic seed plants

Live on and get food from host plants

Emergent aquatic plants

Bulk is above the surface of the water

Floating aquatic plants

All or part of the plant floats on the surface

Submergent aquatic plants

All of the plant grows beneath the water surface

Algae

Aquatic plants without true stems, leaves, or vascular systems.

Foliage absorbed or root absorbed

Enter plant through leaves or roots, more affective when applied preemergence.

Contact/translocated/systemic

Kill only the green portions of plants, can control annuals and biennials. Move throughout the plant.

Persistent or nonpersistent

Remain active in environment vs. short-lived.

Selective or nonselective

Kills specific weed pests or kills most everything.

Low volume ground foliage treatments

Certain amount of herbicide in water per acre. Not sprayed to point of runoff.

High volume ground foliage treatments

Specific concentration applied instead of rate per acre.

Spray to drip

Conventional basal spraying

Wet entire lower portion of individual stems of plants

Herbicide runs down the root crown

Oil used as carrier for the herbicide

Low volume basal spraying

More concentrated

Anti-gibberellins or gibberellin inhibitors

Alter the ability of plant cells to elongate

Auxin type

Accelerate cell growth and reproduction

Methods for vertebrate control

Mechanical, sanitation, chemical,

Respiratory protection needed for solid pesticides with toxicity class 2, 3, or 4

NIOSH-approved respirator with any N, R, P, or 100 series prefilter.

Respiratory protection needed for liquid pesticides with toxicity class 1

NIOSH-approved respirator with an organic vapor (OV) cartridge or canister with any N, R, P, or 100 series prefilter.

Respiratory protection needed for gas pesticides applied in an enclosed area

Air-supplying respirator with NIOSH TC-19C, or use self-contained breathing apparatus with NIOSH TC-13F

Generally know the EPA chemical resistance category chart

Which statement about the requirements of the FQPA is true?

The FQPA does not require review of older pesticides with established residue tolerances on food.

The FQPA does not consider additional safety standards to account for exposure risks to infants and children.

Testing of pesticides for endocrine disruption potential is required under the FQPA.

For setting new standards, the FQPA considers aggregate exposures to pesticides but not cumulative exposures

Testing of pesticides for endocrine disruption potential is required under the FQPA.

Which federal law governs the establishment of pesticide tolerances for food and feed products?

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

Cholinesterase inhibition due to exposure to organophosphate or carbamate insecticides can cause acute or delayed effects (T/F)

True

Which is an advantage of microencapsulated materials?

Delayed or slow release of the active ingredient prolongs its effectiveness.

Which statement about sprayer nozzles is true?

A nozzle that primarily produces fine droplets is usually selected to minimize off-target drift.

Nozzle material should be selected based on the pesticide formulation

Coarse-sized droplets supply maximum coverage of the target.

Brass tips should be used when applying abrasive materials.

Nozzle material should be selected based on the pesticide formulation

Solution, suspension, emulsion

Solution—A substance is dissolved in a liquid

Suspension—Fine particles dispersed in a liquid (requires agitation)

Emulsion— One liquid is dispersed in another liquid (requires agitation)

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)

Liquid active ingredient plus one or more petroleum-based solvents.

Little agitation required, not abrasive.

But, solvents can cause parts/surfaces to deteriorate. Can also cause discoloration.

Solutions (S)

Active ingredient readily dissolves in liquid carrier (water or petroleum-based solvent).

Ultra-Low Volume (ULV)

Close to or 100% active ingredient, applied at rates no more than 0.5 gallon per acre.

High drift hazard, but easy to transport.

Solvents can cause parts/surfaces to deteriorate.

Invert Emulsion

Water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier. Require special emulsifier that allows mixing with petroleum-based carrier.

Flowables (F)/Liquids (L)

Used when active ingredient does not dissolve in water or oil. The active ingredient gets put into clay, then ground into a fine powder, then suspended in liquid.

Aerosols (A)

Active ingredient + solvent

Ready-to-use kind in pressurized containers

Others used in aerosol generators that release the formulation as smoke or fog.

Liquid Baits

Insecticide or rodenticide is mixed with water then placed at bait stations. Ants or rats.

Dusts (D)

Low percentage of active ingredients plus a fine carrier made of chalk/talc/clay etc.

Good for cracks and crevices.

Tracking powders—rats ingest when they clean themselves.

Baits (B)

Active ingredient mixed with food or other attractive substance.

Granules (G)

Particles are coarse and made from clay. corncobs, or walnut shells. The active ingredient either coats the granules or is absorbed into them. Release the active ingredient slowly.

Pellets (P or PS)

Similar to granular, but all particles are the same weight and shape.

Wettable Powders (WP or W)

Dry, finely ground formulations that look like dusts. Can be mixed with water and applied as spray or applied as dust.

Abrasive to many pumps and nozzles.

Soluble Powders (SP or WSP)

Look like wettable powders, but form a true solution. No additional agitation is necessary.

Water-dispersible Granules (WDG) or Dry Flowables (DF)

Formulated as small, easily measured granules. Mixed with water, then break into a fine powder.

Microencapsulated Materials

Liquid or dry pesticides within plastic coating. The coating breaks down after application and slowly releases the active ingredient.

Fumigants

Pesticides that form poisonous gases when applied.

Water-Soluble Packets

Package precise amounts of wettable powder or solution into a bag that dissolves when placed in water.

Adjuvants

Chemicals that do not possess pesticidal activity, but improve mixing or application.