AP US History - Unit 2: The Era of Reform (1820-1850)

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House of Representatives, presidential candidate in 1824, hates Andrew Jackson

John Quincy Adams

Whig, bad president, great secretary of state, Democrats take over his presidency, support from Northeast

Andrew Jackson

President, slaveowner, wealthy, a Mason, a Democrat, support from South and West

Martin Van Buren

Bad president

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist, refused to pay taxes if immoral, inspired peaceful protest

Mormons

Polygamous, successful religious group

Utah Mormons

Mormons, but in Utah and no polygamy

Democrats

Andrew Jackson’s political party

Whigs

Like Henry Clay’s American System, internal improvements, railroads, canals, public schools, defending the common man

Democratic-Republicans

Andrew Jackson’s supporters who think John Adams was corrupt

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole

Had slaves, animal husbandry, Christianity, and a Constitution (“civilized” = “like white people”)

National Republicans

John Quincy Adams’ supporters

Oneida Community

Utopian community started by John Humphrey Noyes, featuring free love and eugenics

Shakers

Oldest utopian community in U.S., prohibited marriage and sex, now extinct

Second Great Awakening (1790s-1830s)

Shifting from revolutionary ideals and government back to religious roots with an emphasis on individualism, personal relationship with God, and no need for a religious education

Burned-Over District

Shaker Utopian community in New York

McCulloch v. Maryland

Federal law trumps state law

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women are pure, domestic, and ideal

Republican Motherhood

Belief that women raise children the best

• Women ran the entire household

• Women taught children morals, literacy, and prepared boys to go on to higher education

• Key for the next generation of Americans

Second Party System (1824-1854)

Democrats and Whigs

Favorite Son

Everyone in a region votes for that candidate, but no one else outside of that region really knows them

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

1. Andrew Jackson wins the popular and Electoral College vote in Election of 1824.

2. Jackson does not have the required number of votes to win, so the vote goes to the House.

3. Henry Clay, speaker of the House, deals under the table with John Quincy Adams, which makes John Quincy Adams the President and Clay the Secretary of State.

4. Andrew Jackson calls them out and forms his own Democratic Party.

Election of 1824

Main Candidates

• Andrew Jackson

• John Quincy Adams - WON

• Henry Clay

Bank of the United States (1816-1832)

Created after War of 1812 to rebuild economy

• Acted as U.S. treasury

• Supported a strong central government

• Distributed the only stable currency in U.S.

• Andrew Jackson vetoes the renewal of the Bank’s charter in 1832

Pet banks

State banks that spawned after the Bank of the U.S. was removed, typically unstable

Spoils System

Rewarded supporters of parties with public office

• Wanted to bring new people into government

• Bad people were given public trust

• Power and money stolen

• Failure

Specie Circular (1836)

Public lands must be bought with gold or silver, says Andrew Jackson

Trail of Tears (1830-1850)

Forced displacement of Five Civilized Tribes, leading to Indian Removal Act

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff on imported goods

• Foreign nations responded by adding their own tariffs, which ruined the South’s export economy

• Supported by middle states

• No support from South, and little support from North

South Carolina Exposition (1828)

Called tariff unjust and unconstitutional, called for nullification

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Previously, government used formal treaties to negotiate land with Natives, very “civilized”

Andrew Jackson uproots 100K Natives east of Mississippi, especially Five Civilized Tribes

Tariff of 1832

South Carolina nullified it and threatened to secede from the Union of the government calls military

Black Hawk War (1832)

Caused by Indian Removal Act, Americans volunteered to kill Natives, forcing them to relocate to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

Compromise Tariff of 1833

In response to South Carolina’s nullification

Force Bill (1833)

Allowed president to use military to enforce tariffs

Seminole War (1835)

Caused by Indian Removal Act, forced more Natives into Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

Election of 1836

Candidates

• Martin Van Buren (Jackson deals under the table to get him elected, which ruins his presidency)

• William Henry Harrison (Whig, Battle of Tippecanoe, although Whigs failed to unite under one candidate)

Lone Star Rebellion (1836)

Texas (slave state) declares its independence and Sam Houston forces Mexican president Santa Anna to sign a treaty

Panic of 1837

In addition to overspeculation and banks unable to pay back loans, British investors pull out of American economy

Election of 1840

Candidates

• Martin Van Buren

  • William Henry Harrison (Whigs organized under him, he won, solidifying Whigs as a party)

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Started women’s rights movement

Neal Dow

Prohibitionist

Theodore Dwight Weld

Abolitionist

Lucy Stone

Women’s rights advocate

Mary Lyon

Education reform advocate

Horace Mann

Education reform advocate

David Walker

Abolitionist

Sarah Grimke

Abolitionist and women’s rights advocate

Amelia Bloomer

Women’s rights advocate

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Abolitionist

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and women’s rights advocate

David Ruggles

Abolitionist

Frederick Douglass

Abolitionist

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women’s rights advocate

Lucretia Mott

Abolitionist and women’s rights advocate

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

European efforts to colonize or interfere with the Western hemisphere will be treated as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention

Utopian community

typically Christian → they think they found a way to live the most just or best interpretation of the Bible