CH22: Lymphatic system and immunity

correct flow of lymph?

capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts, subclavian vein

• are lymphatic vessels 1 way toward heart or 2 way to/from heart?

• 3 mechanism for moving lymph?

• Lymph capillaries pick fluids from ____, around which capillaries?

• 1 way

• Vessel contraction, skeletal contraction, thoracic pressure change

• tissues

• cardiovascular capillaries

• 2 ducts that lymph ducts converge (in order to move lymph to ____ veins)?

• right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

• subclavian

1. ____: drains which specific areas of body’s right side?

2. ____: drains what?

• right lymphatic duct

• right side of head, upper limb, thorax (jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal)

• thoracic duct

• remainder of body

Cells of lymphatic system GO:

• matures into T and B cells (so part of adaptive immune system)

• activates T cells + phagocytizes foreigners

• activates T-cells + capture antigen to deliver to lymph nodes

• produces reticular fibers (which filters lymph)

• lymphocytes

• macrophages

• dendritic cells

• reticular cells

1. Primary lymphatic organs

   • function?

   • are these capsulated or uncapsulated?

   • 2 primary lymphatic organs and what cells mature there?

2. Secondary lymphatic organs

   • are these capsulated or uncapsulated?

   • examples?

• where cell maturation occurs

• capsulated

• red bone marrow and thymus

• unencapsulated

• spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, SALT, MALT, NALT, GALT

• 2 types of lymph tissue:

  1. ____: blends w other tissues

  2. ____: lots of loose CT

     • primary example?

     • other examples?

     • called lymphatic follicles when in  ___and ___

• diffused lymph tissue

• lymphatic nodule

• germinal centers

• peyers patches, respiratory, urinary, reproductive

• lymph nodes

• spleen

• Lymph nodes: function?

  • what do lymph nodes contain?

  • what type of cells proliferate here?

  • removal of lymph node can cause what?

• Tonsils (@ oral cavity + oropharynx)

  • 3 parts?

• Spleen: 3 functions?

• ___: site of T-cell maturation

  • what does its medulla contain?

  • what does its cortex contain?

• filters lymph + where lymphocytes respond to foreigners

• germinal centers

• B cells and cancer cells

• lymphedema

• palatine, pharyngeal, lingual

• destroy defective RBC, detects foreigners, blood storage 

• thymus

• little lymphocytes + many thymic corpuscles

• many lymphocytes

Structure of the lymph node:

• Cortex

• Medulla: contains ___ and ____

• Germinal centers (@ ___ )

  • where substances discarded by ____ go

  • where ___ (specifically B-cells) proliferate 

• what 2 vessels?

• trabeculae

• reticular fibers

• cortex

• phagocytes

• lymphocytes

• afferent and efferent vessels

• Where are the tonsils located?

  • 3 parts?

• structure of the spleen (2 things)?

  • is white pulp associated with arteries or veins?

  • is red pulp associated with arteries or veins?

• oral cavity and oropharynx

• palatine (tonsils), pharyngeal (adenoids), lingual

• cortex, medulla

• arteries

• veins

3 functions of spleen?

temporary blood storage, destroy defective rbc, detects/responds to foreigners

4 things lymph contains?

interstitial fluid, chyle, wbc, foreingers

Lines of defense go:

• barrier blocking POE

• cells and fluids

• antibodies and memory cells

• adaptive and specific (acquired via exposure to foreigners)

• innate and nonspecific

• 1st

• 2nd

• 3rd

• 3rd

• 1st and 2nd

• 3 basic functions of immune system?

• 4 subdivisions of immune system?

• surveillance, tolerance, destruction

• cytokines, cells, tissues/organs, fluids

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• is this the MOST important cell of immune system?

• ___: this makes WBC flexible

• ___: its gonna move to site of damage

• ___ movement out of capillaries + squeeze bxn capillaries 

• Phagocytosis: destruction via which 2 main WBCs?

  • which other 2 WBC is also phagocytic?

• yes

• ameboid

• chemotaxis

• diapedesis

• neutrophils, macrophages

• eosinophils, dendritic cells

Cytokines

____: small proteins; chemical mediator (acts as communication bxn cells)

• Causes: cell proliferation, differentiation, inhibition, apoptosis, chemotaxis 

• 2 main types:

  • ____: produced by basophils + mast cells

  • ____: produced by lymphocytes + monocytes

• cytokines

• histamine

• interleukens

PHYCIAL VS CHEMICAL VS MECHANICAL LINES OF DEFENSE:

• skin

• mucous membranes

• shedding

• Mucociliary escalator

• Peristalsis

• sneezing/coughing

• pooping/peeing

• blinking

• digestive tract

• tears, urine, reproductive system

• physical and chemical

• physical

• mechanical

• mechanical

• mechanical

• mechanical

• mechanical

• mechanical

• chemical

• chemical

6 components of the 2nd line of defense?

***hint: inside cafe, floyd ingested pasta noodles**

• inflammation

• cytokines

• fever

• interferons

• phagocytosis

• natural killer cells

INFLAMMATION

• triggered by: damage to body; initiates chemical mediators that cause…

  • Chemotactic attraction

  • Vaso___

  • increased or decreased vascular permeability?

• benefits:

  • Prevent spread

  • Dispose of debris/pathogens

  • Alerts adaptive immune system

  • Sets stage for repair

• 4 signs of inflammation?

• dilation

• increased

• redness, swelling, heat, pain

4 stages of inflammation?

injury/immediate rxn, vascular rxn, edema, resolution/scar formation

1. injury/immediate rxn

   • ___ released by tissue > vaso____ > clot 

2. vascular rxn

   • ___ causes swelling > fluid leaks from vessels > ___ fluid in tissue

3. edema

   • ____ (“first responders”) > produces ___ > pus

4. resolution/scar formation

   • ____ (“clean up crew”) > tissue repair 

• cytokines

• constriction

• histamine

• excess

• neutrophils

• NET

• macrophages

____: “toll-receptors

• Found in what cells?

• What they recognize?

____: molecule shared by microbes 

• ex: peptidoglycan 

• pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)

• macrophage

• foreigners

• pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

5 steps of phagocytosis?

chemotaxis, ingestion, phagolysosome, destruction, elimination

5 stages of phagocytosis

1. Chemotaxis 

2. Ingestion:

   • phagocyte uses pseudopod to engulf microbe in form of ___

3. Phagolysosome:

   • ___ fuses with ___ (contains digestive enzyme) 

4. Destruction:

   • via lysosome enzymes (lysozyme, DNA-ase, RNA-ase, protease) + hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl, superoxide 

5. Debris elimination

   • digested microbe eliminated via ___ 

phagosome, phagosome, lysosome, exocytosis

____: INACTIVE proteins that circulate blood

• how are they activated?

• end product of complement cascade:

  • _______: forms channel thru membrane for cell lysis

• 2 other functions of complement:

  • ___: complement attaches to cell membrane = stimulates phagocytosis 

  • ____: attracts more immune cells to promote inflammation

• complement

• complement cascade

• MAC (membrane attack complex)

• opsonization

• chemotaxis

FEVER

• what regulates body temp?

• Fever: abnormally high body temp above __F

• caused by ___ which reset thermostat to raise body temp —> signals vaso____ and increased heat release from _____

• Exogenous pyrogen source examples?

• Endogenous pyrogen source examples?

• when pyrogen is PRESENT:

  • temp goes from 98.6 to 102 → causes what SX?

• when pyrogen is ABSENT:

  • temp goes from 102 to 98.6 → causes what SX?

• hypothalamus

• 98.6

• pyrogens

• constriction

• muscles

• vaccines and pathogens

• interleukin-1 and certain WBCs

• shivering/coldness

• sweating/hotness

FEVER SCALE

• Low = ___

• Moderate = ___

• High = ____

• 99-101

• 102-103

• 104-106

INTERFERONS

Interferon: protein produced by ____ in response to viral infection

• binds to neighboring cells to say “protect yourselves!” from infection/cancers by telling neighbor to release ____

Artificial interferons: treat certain disorders

• example of a disorder this treats?

• infected cells

• anti-viral proteins

• kaposi sacroma

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

• function?

• activated by?

• how: produces _____ and ___

  • which one pokes holes in antigen membrane?

  • which one causes apotosis?

• first ones to destroy virus infected cells + cancer cells

• alpha interferons

• perforins and granzymes

• perforins

• granzymes

• what cells does 3rd line of defense involve?

• triggered by?

• T and B cells

• SPECIFIC foreigners, antigens, self antigens

ANTIBODY VS CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

1. _____immunity = response to exogenous antigens

   • Antigen exposure > activates ___> release antibodies

2. _____ immunity = response to endogenous cytoplasmic microbes

   • uses what?

   • cytotoxic T-cell: lyses virus using what 2 things?

• antibody mediated

• plasma cells (a differentiated Bcell)

• cell mediated

• cytotoxic T-cell

• granzymes and perforins

FOREIGN VS SELF ANTIGENS

• ___: bacteria, virus, microbes, pollen, animal dander, poop from mites, drugs

• ___: produced by body

  • allows adaptive immune system to differentiate self VS nonself = this is called “____”

• foreign antigens

• self antigens

• tolerance

MHC1 VS MHC2 GO:

• displays ENDOgenous antigens located on basically every NUCLEATED cell (EXCEPT mature RBCs)

• presents antigen to helper Tcell (CD4)

• presents antigen to cytotoxic Tcell (CD8)

• displays EXOgenous antigens received from APCs (macrophage, B-cells, dendritic cells)

• acts as red flag for immune cells to destroy asap

• relates to cell mediated immunity

• relates to antibody mediated immunity

• 1

• 2

• 1

• 2

• 1

• 1

• 2

examples of antigen presenting cells?

macrophages, Bcells, dendritic cells

• do antigen presenting cells have MHC1, MHC2, or both?

  • why?

• do nucleated cells have MHC1, MHC2, or both?

• both MCH1 and MHC2 (even tho APCs are more associated with MHC2)

• by theyre nucleated

• both bc APCs are also nucleated cells

3rd line of defense activated cells functions GO:

• aid in proliferation

• activates B-cells and cyotoxic T-cells

• produces plasma cells + produces memory B cells

• kills infected cells

• activated helper t cells

• activated helper t cells

• activated b cells

• activated cytotoxic cells

___: results in large population of identical lymphocytes

• steps:

1. _____ produced in red bone marrow

2. B cell matures in red bone marrow by gaining their ___ and T cell matures in thyroid by gaining their ____

3. ____(occurs @ where????)_

4. B and T cells ____ 

5. ____selection: ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigens > proliferates to make clones

6. Negative selection: ____ eliminate clones that react against self-antigens

7. B and T cells released into blood > into lymphatic tissue to make contact with antigens > ____ to meet effective immune response threshold  

• clonal selection

• t and b cells

• b cell receptors (igD)

• t cell receptors

• clonal selection

• secondary lymphatic organs

• migrate

• positive

• regulatory T cells

• proliferate

____ will destroy any abnormal immunocompetent T or B cell that tries to react to self-antigen

regulatory t cells

what types of lymphocytes need to be activated for 3rd line of defense?

• how these are activated:

  a. physical part of activation?

  b. chemical part of activation?

• helper T cells, B cells, cytotoxic T cells

• costimulation

• touching the antigen and Tcell/or Bcell receptors

• cytokines (specifically interleukins)

5 classes of gamma globulins (aka antibodies) GO:

• 1st antibody produced

• 2nd antibody produced (in larger quantities)

• cross placenta for newborn immunity 

• in milk + secreted into mucus membranes/saliva/tears

• antigen receptor on B-cell

• allergies; binds to mast cells and basophils for inflammation response 

• igM

• igG

• igG

• igA

• igD

• igE

PLASMA CELLS

Plasma cell: has ___ region (for activities of antibodies) and ___ region (area that binds with antigen)

• Plasma cell produces what antibodies?

****hint: think GAMED***

• constant

• variable

• igG, igA, igM, igE, igD

HOW CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS KILL INFECTED CELL

1. Cytotoxic T-cell activated via binding with ___ and costImulation from helper T-cells (via release of ___)

• activated cytoxotic Tcell divides = produces helper daughter Tcells that continue to divide = results in many ___ and ____

• T-cells can distinguish bxn infected cells vs normal cells bc ___ is located on infected cells

• Cytotoxic T-cell will lyse virus-infected cells via what?

  • also produces ____ (promotes phagocytosis and inflammation)

• MHC 1

• interleuken 2

• cytotoxic tcells

• memory cytotoxic tcells

• MHC1

• perforins

• cytokines

TYPES OF IMMUNITIES

• ____= natural exposure to antigen (ex: childhood diseases) = ur body develops its own immune cells/products

• ____ = vaccines 

• ____ = mother transfer antibodies to fetus 

• ____= antibodies transfer from immune animals → to nonimmune humans 

• active natural

• active artificial

• passive natural

• passive artificial

DISORDERS

• ____: inflamed lymph nodes (lymph nodes enlarged and tender bc contains trapped microbes) 

• ____: excess accumulation of lymph in tissue (usually limbs) 

  • is this mainly in men or women?

  • can it be genetic as well?

  • can be result of removed lymph nodes

• ____: lymphocyte cancer

  • due to depressed lymphatic system

• ____: caused by normal immune system response to foreign antigen encoded by ____ gene

  • ____ drugs need to be administered for successful tissue transplant and prevent body’s rejection 

• lymphadentis

• lymphadema

• women

• yes can be genetic too

• lymhoma

• anaphalyaxis transplanted tissue rejection

• HLA

• immune system suppresor

TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS RECAP

____: activates Bcells and cytotoxic Tcells

activated B-cell: differentiates into ____

• _____: produces antibodies

• _____: part of adaptive immunity

____: destroys virus infected cell (via lysis or cytokines)

____: inhibits Tcells and Bcells

____: part of adaptive immunity

dendritic cell: processes ___ + involved in Tcell and Bcell activation

• helper Tcell

• plasma cell and memory Bcell

• plasma cell

• memory B cell

• cytotoxic Tcell

• regulatory Tcell

• memory Tcell

• antigen

which cells activate Tcells?

antigen presenting cells (macrophage, dendritic cell, Bcell)

what shape are antibodies (aka gamma globulins)

Y shaped

Helper Tcell activation requires….

• Binding to antigen presented from ___cell in MHC ___ and interleuken ___

helper tcell, 1

3RD LINE OF DEFENSE

1. Helper Tcell

   • APC needed?

   • physical stimulus?

   • chemical stimulus?

   • stabilizing binder?

   • function?

   • relates to memory cells?

• yes

• uses MHC2 + touches Tcell receptor

• interleuken 1

• CD4

• activate cytotoxic Tcell and Bcell

• yes

3RD LINE OF DEFENSE

1. Cytotoxic Tcell

   • APC needed?

   • physical stimulus?

   • chemical stimulus?

   • stabilizing binder?

   • function?

   • relates to memory cells?

• yes

• uses MHC1 + touches Tcell receptor

• interleuken 2

• CD8

• kills infected cells

• yes

3RD LINE OF DEFENSE

1. Bcell

   • APC needed?

   • physical stimulus?

   • chemical stimulus?

   • stabilizing binder?

   • function?

   • relates to memory cells?

• no

• uses MHC2 + touches Tcell receptor

• interleuken 4

• CD4

• differentiates into plasma cells + memory cells

• yes

CHEMICAL BARRIER

1. Skin

   • ___ from sebacious glands

   • sweat (contains ___ and ___ to prevent microbe growth)

2. Oral cavity = contains?

3. Esophagus = contains?

4. Stomach = contains ___ which causes high acidity

5. Lower digestive tract = ____ enzymes + ___ (from liver)

• sebum

• fatty acids, salt

• lysozyme

• lysozyme

• HCL

• pancreatic and digestive

• bile

Natural killer cells VS Cytotoxic Tcells GO:

• NON-SPECIFIC

• of innate immunity

• of adaptive immunity (therefore creates memory cells)

• SPECIFIC (bc recognizes specific antigen)

• works faster/immediately (bc innate)

• works slower (bc adaptive, and bc rmb how it requires activation from helper Tcell)

• natural killer cells

• natural killer cells

• cytotoxic tcells

• cytotoxic tcells

• natural killers cells

• cytotoxic tcells

• WHEN does clonal selection begin?

• WHERE does clonal selection occur?

• when specific antigen is detected by lymphocyte

• secondary lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes) BC rmb how lymphocyte maturation comes first, THEN clonal selection comes after

basophils + mast cells cause release of ____ and ____

histamine, leukotrienes

local VS systemic inflammation

• local inflammation = 4 classic SX

• systemic inflammation = 4 classic SX AND…

  • increased neutrophils

  • fever

  • shock/death

YES

phagocytosis 3 activities:

1. survey

2. ingest + destroy

3. extract info

   • this activity aids in which line of defense?

3rd line of defense