Readings in Philippine History – Lecture Review

50 question-and-answer flashcards covering theories of history, periods, elements, historiography, factors affecting narratives, revisionism vs distortion, and related concepts from the lecture notes.

What are the two main theories of investigating history?

Factual History and Speculative History

What does factual history focus on?

Facts, evidence, what actually happened and can be proven

Which basic questions does factual history primarily answer?

What, When, and Who

What characterizes speculative history?

Speculations, gossip, rumors, and unfounded opinions

Which basic questions does speculative history try to explore?

Why and How

What is meant by the Pre-Historic Period?

A time when there were no written records of human progress

What distinguishes the Historic Period from the Pre-Historic Period?

The progress of people was recorded in writing

Name the four main elements of history discussed in the lecture.

Historian/Author, Place/Location, Time/Period, and Sources

Who is referred to as the Historian/Author in the elements of history?

The person writing or documenting the events

In the elements of history, what does Place/Location indicate?

Where the event happened or where the history was written

In the elements of history, what does Time/Period indicate?

When the event happened or when the history was written

In the elements of history, what are Sources?

Objects or testimonies left from the past, serving as relics or evidence

Define historiography.

The process of writing history by interpreting and analyzing various types of sources

How does historiography differ from history itself?

Historiography studies how history is written; history studies past events

What must a historian do during historiography?

Critically examine sources, select authentic details, and synthesize them into a reliable narrative

What does the ‘six or nine’ analogy emphasize in historical interpretation?

Perspective matters; one must research and verify before claiming correctness

List four factors that affect historical narratives.

Intention, Proximity to the event, Bias of the writer, Time the narrative was written

Why is proximity to the event important in historical writing?

Closer proximity often provides more accurate, firsthand information

What is meant by ‘bias of the writer’?

The personal, cultural, or political leanings that may color a historian’s account

Which question did the meme of the couple illustrate about historiography?

Is history subjective or objective?

How are the concepts of ‘past’ and ‘history’ differentiated in the lecture?

Past = factual occurrences; History = interpretations of remnants of the past

Give a factual date from Philippine history mentioned in the notes.

Philippine Independence from Spain – June 12, 1898 (or Martial Law declaration – Sept 21 1972)

Provide one contested historical question raised in the lecture.

Example: Did Emilio Aguinaldo betray his own people?

According to Krasner (2019), what is historical revisionism?

The reinterpretation of a historical account based on facts and evidence

Name the three types of historical revisionism identified by Kopecek (2008).

Evidence-driven, Significance-driven, and Value-driven revisionism

State one method historians use to revise history.

Looking for new evidence

Give another way historians revise history.

Reinterpreting old evidence with new instruments or perspectives

Mention a third practice involved in revising history.

Re-examining previous questions once new evidence is found

What is meant by asking questions that have never been asked before in historiography?

Expanding inquiry to uncover overlooked aspects of the past

According to Cristobal (2019), what is historical distortion?

Altering historical accounts to suit a personal agenda

How is misinformation defined in the lecture?

False information spread regardless of intent to mislead

How is disinformation defined?

Deliberately misleading or biased information, propaganda, or manipulated facts

What is the core difference between revisionism and distortion?

Revisionism is evidence-based; distortion manipulates facts for an agenda

Why is research crucial before expressing a historical opinion?

To ensure conclusions are grounded in verified facts, not uninformed beliefs

In historiography, why is the selection of details critical?

Chosen details shape the narrative’s direction and accuracy

What does the phrase “Just because you are right, does not mean I am wrong” imply in history?

Multiple perspectives can exist, but they must be validated by evidence

Why can history be considered open to contestation?

New evidence or viewpoints can revise existing interpretations

What term describes the study of how history has been written over time?

Historiography

Artifacts found in an archaeological dig belong to which element of history?

Sources

Which element of history deals with the ‘when’ of an event?

Time/Period

Which element of history addresses the ‘where’ of an event?

Place/Location

Which element involves the person compiling or narrating the events?

Historian/Author

What set of questions (what, when, who vs. why, how) distinguishes factual from speculative history?

Factual answers What/When/Who; Speculative explores Why/How

Which patriotic poem appears as an example of historical text in the notes?

“Sa Aking Mga Kabata”

How can bias influence a historical narrative?

It can skew the selection and interpretation of facts

Why might the time of writing affect a historical account?

Contexts and available evidence differ across periods, altering perspectives

What is meant by ‘evidence-driven’ revisionism?

Revision prompted by new or previously overlooked evidence

Define ‘significance-driven’ revisionism.

Reinterpreting the importance or impact of events or figures

Define ‘value-driven’ revisionism.

Changing the moral or ideological evaluation of past events

What is the ultimate goal of historiography?

To craft a narrative of the past that withstands critical examination