Immunology lecture 1 Innate Immunity and Immune cell lineages made

Innate Immunity

The first line of defense against invading pathogens, characterized by immediate response and no immune memory.

• born with, pathogen recognized by PAMPs

Adaptive Immunity

A specific immune response that improves with each encounter with a particular pathogen.

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

Molecules or structures unique to pathogens that are recognized by the innate immune system.

Phagocytosis

The process by which immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens.

Complement System

A group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.

Natural Flora

Symbiotic bacteria that reside in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, which outcompete pathogens.

Cytokines

Soluble proteins released by cells that communicate and regulate immune responses.

Chemokines

Small proteins that attract immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation.

Macrophages

Large phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and play a key role in antigen presentation.

Neutrophils

The most abundant type of white blood cell, first responders to bacterial infections.

Extravasation

The process by which immune cells exit the bloodstream and enter tissues at an infection site.

Diapedesis

The movement of immune cells through the endothelial wall into tissues.

Histamine

A chemical released by mast cells that promotes vasodilation and increases capillary permeability.

Lysozyme

An enzyme found in tears and saliva that kills bacteria by degrading their cell walls.

Phagolysosome

A structure formed by the fusion of a phagocytic vesicle with a lysosome for pathogen degradation.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

Fibers released by neutrophils that trap and contain pathogens.

Interferons

Proteins that provide protection against viral infections by stimulating surrounding cells to produce antiviral proteins.

Mast Cells

Immune cells that release histamine and play a role in allergic reactions.

Basophils

White blood cells that release histamine and are involved in inflammatory responses.

Eosinophils

White blood cells important for combating parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses.

Dendritic Cells

Cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity through antigen presentation to T-cells.

T-cells

A type of white blood cell involved in adaptive immunity that recognizes specific antigens.

B-cells

Lymphocytes involved in producing antibodies for the adaptive immune response.

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

Receptors that recognize PAMPs and activate innate immune responses.

Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells)

T-cells that kill infected or cancerous cells.

Helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells)

T-cells that assist in activating and regulating other immune cells.

Inflammation

A localized immune response characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Antigen Presentation

The process by which immune cells display antigens to T-cells for recognition.

Phagocyte

A type of immune cell, such as a macrophage or neutrophil, that can engulf and digest pathogens.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an area during an immune response.

Antigen

Any substance that triggers an immune response, typically recognized by T-cells or antibodies.

Memory Immune Response

The ability of the adaptive immune system to remember past infections for faster responses.

Immune Cell Extravasation

The recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection through the endothelial barrier.

Lymphoid Organs

Organs such as the thymus and lymph nodes where immune cells develop and respond to pathogens.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Stem cells that give rise to all types of blood cells.

Tissue Repair

The process of healing and restoring tissue following an immune response to infection.

Chemotaxis

The movement of immune cells towards higher concentrations of chemical signals.

Dendritic Cell Maturation

The process by which dendritic cells become active and capable of presenting antigens after detecting pathogens.

IFN-gamma

A cytokine that activates macrophages and enhances phagocytosis.

Acute Phase Proteins

Proteins whose levels increase or decrease significantly in response to inflammation.

Epithelial Barriers

The physical barriers provided by skin and mucous membranes to prevent pathogen entry.

Adaptive Immune Activation

The process by which the adaptive immune response is triggered by previous exposure to a pathogen.

Activation of Complement

The series of reactions that enhance the immune response against pathogens.

Opsonization

The marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes through antibodies or complement proteins.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that eliminates infected or dysfunctional cells.

Receptors for Pathogen Recognition

Molecules on immune cells that detect PAMPs or other pathogen-associated signals.

Antibody Production

The process of generating antibodies by B-cells in response to specific antigens.

Clonal Selection

The process by which specific lymphocytes are proliferated in response to an antigen.

Sialyl-Lewisx

A carbohydrate that facilitates leukocyte rolling during extravasation.

Inflammatory Mediators

Substances that promote inflammation, including cytokines and histamines.

Injury Signals

Chemical signals released by damaged tissues that alert the immune system to an infection.

Local Inflammation Responses

Responses to infection that include redness, heat, swelling, and activation of immune cells.

Acquired Immunity

The immunity that develops after exposure to an antigen, characterized by specificity and memory.

Soluble Immune Signals

Chemical compounds released by immune cells that influence other cells' behavior.