212 Architecture History Final

Stourhead (Gardens) / near Wiltshire, U.K. / by Henry Hoare II and Henry Flitcroft. Picturesque, has folly. painting used as basis for highly designed landscape that looks natural. suggests infinity with trees that immerse the viewer. Pictorial precedent. Curvilinear path invites kinetic experience. Sunken ditch “ha-ha” as non disruptive barrier

Panopticon Penitentiary / by Jeremy Bentham. Unbuilt. Means ‘all-seeing eye.” utilitarianism potential for reform for the individual without harm to the body. regulated lighting allows 1 warden to see but not be seen by all prisoners. implications for society at large with machine-like spatial construct. 24/7 surveillance

Saltworks of Chaux / Arc-et-Senans, France / by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux. Only half was built. Royal family controlled salt production. Semi-circular landscape with directors house at center surrounded by workers’ residencies. 24/7 work experience/surveillance was conceived as a benefit to boost productivity. sculptural salt cave behind columns, overall Palladian language

Eastern State Penitentiary / Philadelphia, PA / John Haviland. Quaker principles: seeing the light, silence and reflection. Emphasis on solitary, idea of reforming yourself, did not work. Radial plan with central inspection tower, radiating halls.

Design of the Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton / Etienne-Louis Boullee. Spherical interior. Scale improbable, manipulation of scale and light. Descending entrance, expands open to interior. Sublime. Reverses day/night condition on interior.

Design of the Royal Library / Etienne-Louis Boullee. Enlightenment=institutions for knowledge. Combined typology of basilica and amphitheater. Improbable in scale. Visible shelves, openness brings people together. Criticism for proposal’s wood framing beneath masonry. Idea of theatricality and spreading ideas

Prisons (Carceri) / Giambattista Piranesi. Liberation in contrast to imprisonment. Suggested infinite space and encouraged imagination. Anti-Laugier. Piranesi = ornament and engineering.

Katsura Imperial Villa / Kyoto, Japan. Captures perspective. Shoji screen with artworks. refinement and flexibility of space. Elevated and polished. Thinness of vertical elements. Distilled arcitecture, wabi/sabi. Module of tatami mats/shoji screens, relationship to gardens

Shokin Tei Teahouse / Kyoto, Japan. wabi/sabi, direct simplicity placed in natural context. garden has a connection to Zen. conundrum of stillness/movement. Welcoming/intellectual intimacy. humbling entrance brings everyone to the same level

Wang Shi Yuan or Garden of the Fishing Nets / Suzhou, China. Rock composition with focal body of water. Open pavillion with curved eaves creating dramatic shape. Official's’ retreat from government. Viewing areas

Ming Dynasty Forbidden City / Beijing, China. lateral north south flow, axial organization. highly planned, isolated from rest of city. geomancy/fengshui from mountains

Urban Plan of Paris / Georges-Eugene Haussmann. City needed updates, nodes around perimeter centered circulation. Increasing public space, rationalization of the city. industrialization, cleanliness, and streamlining. Boulevards, wider streets and displacement of existing communities. Grand public buildings and large sidewalks.

Plan for New Delhi, India / Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker. Idea of garden city. Hierarchy of space using the hill. Gardens are picturesque to soften perception of power. Does not accommodate commercialization. Focus on garden instead of daily life. Central axis

City of Tomorrow (proposal) / Charles-Edouard Jeanneret = Le Corbusier. Ground up city. Hallmarks of modernity (cars/cinema) more widespread. Maximum air, light, and garden space. Concentrated urban superblock housing. Focus on car travel below sidewalks (rejects corridor street), strong dissociation between building/street

Plan for Chandigarh, India / Charles-Edouard Jeanneret = Le Corbusier. For new capital. Grid-lilke and subject to nuance, superblocks interspersed with gardens. Plans for industrialized transportation, high-speed roads. Two town centers

Urban Plan of Brasilia, Brazil / Lucio Costa. progress and modernism. influence of City of Tomorrow, high speed traffic and superblocks for residences on a curve

Cahokia Mounds and Great Pyramid / Collinsville, IL. Replicates mountains, suggests connection with the underworld. Ascending mountains=towards heaven. Looks natural, is constructed. Pre-colonial. Expression of architecture as stewardship and marking of the land

Newark Earthworks / Newark, OH. Marking the landscape with a designed configuration. Blending with nature, natural emergence. Precision hard to see from ground. Honoring/shaping earth while creating culture

Sacsahuaman / Cusco, Peru. Inca wall outcroppings, resemble bastions but were not fortification. Ashlar masonry not assembled in rows or standardized. Scale of stones larger on bottom, scaler perception. Zig-zag form holds earth better (terraces). No metal tools, used flintstones. Agriculture as architecture

Temple of the Sun=Coricancha / Cusco, Peru. Ashlar masonry precisely cut, no required mortar. Imposition of Christianity on pre-columbian culture. Representation of garden grove of maze: Metallic corn effigies displayed value. Re-use.

Hitching Post for the Sun=Intuahuatana Stone / Machu Picchu, Peru. Channeling/capturing the sun. Specific viewing angle. Abstraction of the mountain behind it, representation of mountain as miniature of it. Rituals formalized/relation to Pachucuti. Place to observe constellations/solar events.

Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton. Cast iron and glass. Easily assembled/dissembled. Built to be move, burned down. first mechanized pre-fab building. New spatial experience with totally glass walls. Pulley system+child labor. Controversial bc architects thought of it as engineering.

Monadnock Building / Chicago / Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root. Iron structural grid. Masonry on exterior splays at bottom. Sheer mass and form, anchor of modern time with tethers to historic masonry precedent. brick was primarily for fire-proofing. Focus on ventilation

The Rookery / Chicago / Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root. Iron and glass. Interior commercial space. Sculptural ornament of entrances

Wainwright Building / St. Louis, MO / Louis Sullivan. contrast between commerce and culture. introduces poetics=form follows function. bottom floor=commerce, offices rest. expression of steel columnar grid. Terra cotta ornament designed and commercially produced to save. Elevator, central light well.

Schlessinger, Meyer Building = Carson, Pirie, Scott / Chicago, IL / Louis Sullivan. Goth target. Cast iron design at entry. Steel frame as module, Chicago windows, recessed.

Casa Mila=la Pedrera / Barcelona, Spain / Antoni Gaudi. As if carved from rock. Explores iron craftsmanship. organic approach to rooms, no right angles. Exploring honesty of materials. Relates to city and follows regulations of surroundings. No straight lines in nature.

Hotel Tassel / Brussels, Belgium / Victor Horta. Art Nouveau. Industrially produced rail according to whiplash lines. Wanted to take away hierarchy of medium. References plants, family retreat from city

Maison du Peuple / Brussels, Belgium / Victor Horta. Centered on laborers. Meeting place with unique trusses well-engineered that people thought were unstable. Art nouveau

Train Station Proposal / Antonio Sant’Elia. Total embrace of technology. Urban connections, concept of transportation networks. Advanced exploration of tall buildings. Connection to totalitarianism regime

Casa del Fascio / Como (Italy) / Giuseppe Terragni. House of Fascism. blank ext wall as canvas for news and Mussolini. Cubic form dematerialized in a ration way. Le Corbusier cubic form and planarity. Futurism. punctured roof for light. Glass fluidity btwn int and ext. Sense of being on cutting edge

Palazzo della Civilta Romana / Rome, Italy / Ernesto la Pedula, Giovanni Guerrini, and Mario Romano. cubic colosseum. new sculptures in modern style. Pro-militarization. Rationialism, cubism with connection to the past

Fagus Shoe Factory or Fagus-Werk / Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany / Walter Gropius. Wanted to establish the “new” architecture. Returning to honesty, thought, and feeling. The idea of the factory emerged. Natural light, recessed columns (dissociation btwn the exterior and structure). Visually dominated by void rather than solid.

Bauhaus / Dessau, Germany / Walter Gropius. technology integrated with fine arts. technology of manufacturing as way to create clear intelligent forms. operable windows for air and light. Organized as single unifying conglomorate structure. State of the art faculty and community, goal to make manufacturable goods for the school to sell

Masters’ Houses / Dessau, Germany / Walter Gropius. Duplexes, two faculty. Seperation and togetherness. Balconies=same view without seeing each other. Entrances seperated. Indoor/outdoor experience. Utilitarian spaces

Secession Building / Vienna, Austria / Josef Maria Olbrich. Sphere of gilded leaves. Interest in metalwork and embracing nature

Karlsplatz Train Station / Vienna, Austria / Otto Wagner. Early modernism. Arts and crafts movement. Painted sunflowers inspired by textile design. Concerned about pollution on buildings, stood for nature and cleanliness.

Austrian Postal Savings Bank / Vienna, Austria / Otto Wagner. Aluminum features. Everything was designed. Forward looking style contrasts to existing govt buildings=sleek, marble, light, glass. Much office space, grand bank entrance

Purkersdorf Sanatorium / near Vienna, Austria / Josef Hoffman. Health retreat from mental anguish. Lots of social places apart from individual rooms. Rejection of clutter. Totally designed. Cubic forms and patterns. Rational design thought to be calming

Larkin Building / Buffalo, NY / Frank Lloyd Wright. Office building. Verticality. Recirculating air system for hygeine. Ground floor under skylight for managers. Internal communication hub.

Villa Savoye / Poissy, France / Charles-Edouard Jeanneret = Le Corbusier. Applying the 5 points of architecture. Differently experienced on each int level. Urban escape. Windows resemble Gropius. Ground level accommodates car. Machine aesthetic, no ornament. No focus on materials. Poetic simplicity

House of Truus Schroder / Utrecht, The Netherlands / Gerrit Rietveld. Rejected conventional house formality. Everything was connected, movable partitions for shared space

Drawing of a Proun Room / El Lissitzky. Pure abstraction, geometric forms as spatial components. Viewer inhabits the painting

Corner Counter Relief / Vladimir Tatlin. Cubism, abstraction. Composing synthetic collage. Focus on material and stability. Inspired by Picasso

Monument to the Third International (model) / Vladimir Tatlin. Constructivism, thought of as taller than the Eiffel tower, suggested the revolutionary idea of movement with rotating volumes. Thought of as steel and glass for visibility

Merzbau / Hanover, Germany / Kurt Schwitters. Da-da movement. Stole materials and recombined them. Meaning and emotion

Ministry of Education and Health / Rio di Janeiro, Brazil / Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer. Brise-soleil. Integration with landscape, inheritance from Le Corbusier (consulted). pilotis breezeway between plazas. Horizontal louvre system. Sculptural elements on roof. One of the first all-glass tall office building facades. Dreamy landscape with curvilinear forms rooted in surrealism

National Assembly Complex / Brasilia, Brazil / Oscar Niemeyer. Sculptural forms, 3d expression of surrealism. Using design of city to set idea of progress and modernism

New National Gallery / Berlin, Germany / Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Museum very open concept. All glass exterior. international style modernism, abstraction through geometric forms. emphasis on steel grid. continuity between int and ext. Geometric precision, highly planned module

Villa Mairea / Noormarkku, Finland / Alvar Aalto. built on granite, transition from local rock to building materials. Organic forms sensitive to nature. use of teak, vertical for filtered lighting and horizontal for paneling. thin pilotis, embraces tech but softens and modifies to be in touch in with nature. Spatial flow, open but precise and coherent

Lovell Health House / Los Angeles, CA / Richard Neutra. for sunbathing vegan doctor. Built for winterless climate, adapts to climate. utilizing outdoor space. Steel frame in domestic context. Flow of space from int to ext. Paned glass with window treatments (not insulated)

Schindler and Chace House / West Hollywood, CA / Rudolph Schindler. climate sensitive. garden space, sunken patio. generous studio space

Case Study House #4 or “Greenbelt” House proposal / Ralph Rapson. Passive climate system intertwined with modernism. has breezeway for airflow and shade = open air as garden

AFASE Solar House / Scottsdale, AZ / Peter Lee. Won a competition, operational louvers by hand crank. copper tubes in louvers with water transfers hot water away. ornamental brick work

Stahl House / Los Angeles, CA / Pierre Koenig. new paned glass windows, big cantilever connects to house and city grid. new type of beams without rivets without rivets, visual smoothness

Wiley House / New Canaan, CT / Philip Johnson. brings out clear issues with modernism. clarity of program. base private. modernism as a language of organization. abstraction through geometric forms. technology in structural frame grid

Vanna Venturi House / Philadelphia, PA / Robert Venturi. Interaction between formal traditional and vernacular forms. wood frame with stucco. arch over recess=door. idea of having experiential suprising

Gehry House / Santa Monica, CA / Frank Gehry. two intersecting systems. purposeful discomfort. anti-cozy

Parc de la Villette / Paris, France / Bernard Tschumi. Deconstructivism vs deconstruction. Play on the axioms of language. folly has many meanings. Folly intrinsic to deconstructivism

New Babylon / Constant=Constant Niewenhuys. Reaction to overly dogmatic movements. Graphic legacy, more speculative than productive. lack of practicality. Collaged mapping. Babylon for freedom and escape. idea of distortion and turning in map lines opposed to rational grids. freeing approach to urbanism

Superstudio, Continuous Monument in the Alps / Adolfo Natalini and Cristo Toraldo di Francia. Exploratory proposal. negative utopia. Cubic form and abstraction taken to extremes for humor. Departure from objecthood

Spiral Jetty / Great Salt Lake, UT / Robert Smithson. pathway to center, very remote. specific site “non-site” beauty vs harsh context reminiscent of ancient civilization. reflection on environment. conservation and industrialization. reduced design, simple elements

Blur / Switzerland / Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio. Pavillion for exhibition produces water vapor. Architecture and technology. Dematerialization of architectural form. engages with public. site-specifc. Non-form form

ashlar masonry

construction of stone that has been squared and finished

brise soleil

the French term for “sun breaker”; a screen or fin that provides shade from the sun

folly

a nonfunctional building in a garden that was designed to be a dramatic feature in the designed landscape

Constructivism

movement in both sculpture and architecture in which abstract forms are arranged according to the structural requirements that hold things together in a construction

geomancy

religiously inspired procedure of reading the topography and selecting a building site by determining whether natural and topographical features lead the architecture to be in harmony with cosmic or unseen forces

panopticon

literally, the term refers to the all-seeing eye. it designates a cylindrical building with radiating outer cells that can be observed from a central point

pilotis

vertical posts or stilts raising a structure above the earth, freeing up the ground level as a mostly open space. embraced by Le Corbusier

shoji screen

a japanese screen featuring rice paper

sublime

referring to that which inspires awe, tinged with fear due to its exalted grandeur and prompting an overwhelming response

tatami mat

mat of rice straw used as a floor covering, typically 1.8x.9 m

tenement

densely inhabited apartment building for working people

typology

a building type that serves a specific function, examples include: the hospital, the library, the prison, and the school