Learn: AP Lang Thank You For Arguing Vocab | Quizlet

Chiasmus

"This crisscross figure repeats a phrase with its mirror image [...]" (Heinrichs 10).

Synchresis

"Reframes an argument by redefining it" (Heinrichs 4).

Amplification

"[...] An essential rhetorical tactic that turns up the volume as you speak" (Heinrichs 6).

Tactical flaw

"Reveal a weakness that wins sympathy or shows the sacrifice you have made for the cause" (Heinrichs 63).

Concession

"Concede your opponent's point in order to win what you want" (Heinrichs 21).

Decorum

"Your audiences find you agreeable if you meet their expectations" (Heinrichs 45)

Virtue/cause

The audience believes you share their values" (Heinrichs 55).

Practical wisdom/craft

"The audience thinks you know your craft, and can solve the problems at hand" (Heinrichs 68).

Disinterest

Impartiality/ without bias; caters to audience's interests rather than one's own (Heinrichs 55).

Authenticity

"Make your audience think you're for real, just being your genuine lovable self" (Heinrichs 81).

Dubitatio

"Don't look tricky. Seem to be in doubt about what to say" (Heinrichs 78). "Show doubt in your own rhetorical skill (Heinrichs 81).

Storytelling

"A well-told narrative gives the audience a virtual experience- especially if it calls on their own past experiences and if you tell it in the first person" (Heinrichs 99).

Emulation

"Provide only the kind of role model your audience already admires" (Heinrichs 93).

Nostalgia

"Uses a yearning for the past- especially for those days when the future seemed bright" (Heinrichs 99).

Passive voice

"If you want to direct an audience's anger away from someone, imply that the action happened on its own" (Heinrichs 107).

Humor

"Laughter is a wonderful calming device, and it can enhance your ethos if you use it properly. Urbane humour plays off a word or part of speech. Wit is situational humour. Facetious humor is joke telling, a relatively ineffective form of persuasion. Banter, the humor of snappy answers, works best in rhetorical defense" (Heinrichs 108).

Emotional Refusal

"Gain the audience's sympathy by trying to look calm and above it all (Heinrichs 108).

Backfire

"You can calm an individual's emotion in advance by overplaying it yourself" (Heinrichs 108).

Techniques for labeling

"Term changing. Don't accept the terms your opponent uses. Insert your own. Redefinition. Accept your opponent's terms while changing their connotation. Definition jujitsu. If your opponent's terms actually favor you, use them to attack. Definition judo. Use the terms that contrast with your opponent's, creating a context that makes them look bad" (Heinrichs 134).

Framing Techniques

"First, find the audience commonplace words that favor you. Next, define the issue in the broadest context—one that appeals to the values of the widest audience. Then deal with the specific problem or choice, making sure you speak in the future tense" (Heinrichs 134).

Stance

"The technique is a fallback strategy: fact, definition, quality, relevance" (Heinrichs 130).

Enthymeme

"The logical sandwich that contains deductive logic" (Heinrichs 146)."

The Hook

"Attach your argument to a need or desire of your audience" (Heinrichs 147)

Exigence

The situation/ events that trigger the persuasion; also leads to the hook (Heinrichs 156).

Argument by character

Ethos

Argument by emotion

Pathos

Argument by logic

Logos

Inductive Logic

Uses a conclusion/ cause to reach a specific premise.

Deductive Logic

Uses a fact/ premise to reach the conclusion

Demonstrative rhetoric

Commonly introduced to unite or divide the audience, focuses on moral (present tense)

Deliberative rhetoric

Uses the future-tense to guarantee reward or promising results

Forensic rhetoric

The one associated with the past-tense, weaponizes the crowd's fear of punishment or reprimand

Hasty generalization

Misinterprets an insufficient amount of evidence as enough to prove an argument

False analogy

Compares to unrelated things while claiming similarity

Tautology

The same claim repeated in different words used to support original statement

Phronesis

Practical wisdom; street savvy. One of Aristotle's three traits of ethos, or argument by character.

Red herring

"It switches issues in midargument to throw the audience off the scent" (Heinrichs 176).

Straw man

"A version of the red herring fallacy, it switches topics to one that's easier to fight" (Heinrichs 177).

Idiom

The combinations of two or more words to create a new meaning

Synecdoche

Something that represents a type rather than an individual; swaps a thing for a collection of things (ex. "White House")

Antithesis

Weighs two choices side-by-side in an argument

Irony

"It swaps the apparent meaning for the real one" (Heinrichs 234).

Kairos

Using the right timing to benefit your claim.

Circumlocution

"Uses a description as a name" (Heinrichs 231).

Analogy

Comparison between two things; one thing is like another

Oxymoron

Two successive words that are complete opposites of each other, yet paired together

Rhetorical question

A question that has an unspoken answer, one that the speaker does not want the audience to literally repeat

Self-answering question

"[...] If you ask a rhetorical question and then answer it [...]" (Heinrichs 233).

Hyperbole

"[...] The inflating trope" (Heinrichs 249). Exaggeration

Anaphora

"REPEATED FIRST WORDS" (Heinrichs 232).

Diazeugma

"The play-by-play figure using a single subject to govern a succession of words" (Heinrichs 233).

Metonymy

"Using a characteristic to describe the whole" (Heinrichs 234).

Dialysis

"Offers a distinct choice: either we do this or we do that" (Heinrichs 238)

Litotes

"It makes a point by denying its opposite; the result is an ironic understatement, and an appropriate answer to a stupid question" (Heinrichs 241).

Climax

"[...] Uses the last part of a clause to begin the next clause" (Heinrichs 242).

Verbing

"[...] The figure applies to any novel change in a word's use—noun to verb, verb to noun, noun to adjective" (Heinrichs 243).

Metaphor

"Metaphor is a trope—it makes one thing stand for another" (Heinrichs 234).

Profanity

"[...] The cursing trope" (Heinrichs 261).

Personification

"It turns inanimate objects and expressions into living, hardworking people" (Heinrichs 250.

Alliteration

"Repeating the first letter or sound of successive words" (Heinrichs 252).

Enargeia

"The special effects of figures—vivid description that makes an audience believe something is taking place before their very eyes" (Heinrichs 426).

Introduction

Opening statement where you establish ethos

Narration

Factual evidence

Division

Which beliefs divide you and your opponent and what unite you

Proof

The actual argument - your statement and examples

Refutation

Rebuttal against opponent's claims

Conclusion

Closing statements that focus the audience's thoughts on the specific purpose of a speech and bring the most important points together in a condensed and uniform way

Proper language

"Words that suit the occasion and my audience" (Heinrichs 303)

Ornament

"[...] Has to do with the rhythm of your voice and the cleverness of your words" (Heinrichs 304).

Invention

"Dig up the materials for your speech" (Heinrichs 312). Logos is heavily used here.

Arrangement

"Introduction (you can lay on the ethos here), narration, division, proof, refutation (those four middle parts should be heavy on logos), conclusion (where you can get emotional) (Heinrichs 312).

Delivery

"Here you actually act, in both the theatrical and active senses" (Heinrichs 312). Facial expressions, voice, tone, body language.

Identity strategy

"Distinguish your audience from outsiders. Then make them believe they'll be better people if they do what you want them too" (Heinrichs 326).

Paradox

"The contrary figure, an impossible pair" (Heinrichs 428).

Epiphany

"[...] The discovery you want your readers to make with you" (Heinrichs 340).

Metanoia

"The self-editing figure. You stop to correct yourself with a stronger point" (Heinrichs 428)

Peroration

"The end; concluding part of a speech" (Heinrichs 347).