Control and Coordination

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the concepts of human nervous system, reflex actions, brain structure, plant movements, and animal hormones as discussed in the lecture notes.

Controlled movement must be connected to the recognition of various events in the environment, followed by only the correct movement in response; therefore, living organisms must use systems providing ___________ and ___________.

control and coordination

The specialised tips of nerve cells that detect information from the environment are called ___________.

receptors

___________ receptors will detect taste while ___________ receptors will detect smell.

Gustatory; olfactory

In a nerve cell, the information acquired at the dendritic tip sets off a chemical reaction that creates an ___________ ___________.

electrical impulse

Chemicals cross the gap, or ___________, at the end of an axon to start a similar electrical impulse in the next neuron.

synapse

The nervous tissue is made up of an organised network of nerve cells or ___________.

neurons

A connection where the nerves that detect heat are connected to the nerves that move muscles in a simpler way for quick response is called a ___________ ___________.

reflex arc

Reflex arcs are formed in the ___________ ___________, although the information input also goes on to reach the brain.

spinal cord

The brain and spinal cord constitute the ___________ ___________ ___________.

central nervous system

The communication between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the ___________ ___________ ___________.

peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system consists of ___________ nerves arising from the brain and ___________ nerves arising from the spinal cord.

cranial; spinal

The ___________ is the main thinking part of the brain and has separate areas specialized for hearing, smell, and sight.

fore-brain

Involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting are controlled by the ___________ in the hind-brain.

medulla

The ___________ in the hind-brain is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body.

cerebellum

Inside the bony box, the brain is contained in a fluid-filled balloon which provides ___________ ___________.

shock absorption

The ___________ ___________ or backbone protects the spinal cord.

vertebral column

Muscle cells change their shape by changing their arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses using ___________ ___________.

special proteins

Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of ___________ in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking.

water

Directional growth movements of plants in response to stimuli are called ___________ movements.

tropic

The growth of pollen tubes towards ovules is an example of ___________.

chemotropism

When light is coming from one side of a plant, the hormone ___________ diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot to help the cells grow longer.

auxin

___________ are plant hormones that, like auxins, help in the growth of the stem.

Gibberellins

___________ promote cell division and are found in greater concentration in fruits and seeds.

Cytokinins

___________ ___________ is a plant hormone that inhibits growth and causes the wilting of leaves.

Abscisic acid

The hormone ___________ is secreted from the adrenal glands and prepares the body for scary situations by increasing heart and breathing rates.

adrenaline

Iodine is necessary for the ___________ gland to make thyroxin hormone.

thyroid

A deficiency of iodine in the diet can lead to ___________, often characterized by a swollen neck.

goitre

Growth hormone is secreted by the ___________ gland.

pituitary

The hormone ___________ is produced by the pancreas and helps in regulating blood sugar levels.

insulin

The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by ___________ ___________.

feedback mechanisms