HCF Semester 1 Midterm

Integumentary, Nervous, Musculoskeletal, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Anatomical References, Vitals, Infection Control & Prevention

Cell

Smallest unit of life

The process of keeping a state of balance in the body

Homeostasis

Anatomy

The study of body structures and their locations

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts work or function

Function of Cells

Eliminating waste, Taking in food and oxygen, Producing heat and energy, Reproducing to create new cells

4 Major Tissue Groups

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Smoking

Modifiable risk factor for heart disease

Bradycardia

Slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

Tachycardia

Rapid heart rate (greater than 100 bpm)

How many chambers are in the heart?

4 chambers: 2 atria (atrium) and 2 ventricles

Artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart

Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Asystole

The absence of a heartbeat

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Heart attack; A condition in which all or part of the blood flow to the heart is blocked and muscle cells die. Usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea

Cardiac Arrest

Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death

The Cardiovascular System

Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood and its purpose is to supply nutrients and oxygen to the body, removes waste products away from the body cells, distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body (helps fight infection), control body temperature and electrolyte balance and increase flow of O2 to meet energy demands during exercise

Atherosclerosis

Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries which leads to Coronary artery disease

Pulmonary Circulation

Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

Hypertension

High blood pressure, higher than 130/90 mm Hg

Congestive Heart Failure

A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body

Heart Disease

Refers to several types of heart conditions and is the leading cause of death in men and women in the US

Blood Pressure (BP)

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them. 120/80 is an average BP

Pulse

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries. Recorded in BPM

Heart

A hollow, muscular organ that contains 4 chambers and pumps blood throughout the body.

Respiratory System

A system of organs, functioning in the process of oxygen (O2) inhalation and carbon dioxide (CO2) exhalation, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Apnea

Absence of breathing

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe (trachea) and prevents food from entering.

Aspiration

Breathing fluid, food, vomitus, or an object into the lungs

Respiration/Breathing

The movement of oxygen into the lungs and carbon dioxide out of the lungs

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Most commonly a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis; often caused by smoking

Emphysema

A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) are damaged and enlarged, usually caused by smoking and bronchitis

Bronchitis

An infection causing inflammation of the bronchi. This results in coughing, yellow or green sputum, trouble breathing/ wheezing, and fever

Pneumonia

An infection of the lungs in which the air sacs (alveoli) become inflamed and fill with pus and other fluids causing high fever, chest pain, coughing, dyspnea, shortness of breath, chills, pain on inspiration, and rapid pulse

Asthma

A chronic condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe

What is a common age-related change in the respiratory system?

Lung tissue is stiffer and less expandable

Lungs

Two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Trachea (windpipe)

An air passage that goes from the pharynx to the bronchi

Bronchi

Two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

Tuberculosis

An infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. Most people are asymptomatic however, those that do have symptoms may experience cough (sometimes blood-tinged), weight loss, night sweats, and fever.

Hypotension

low blood pressure, lower than 90/60 mm Hg

Disease

A disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body

Signs

Are objective and they can be measured

Symptoms

Subjective and can't be observed by another person; but a person that is ill experiences them

Nosocomial Infection

the type of infection obtained from a healthcare setting

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Isolation Gown and Gloves

Protect clothes and washed hands

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Dermis

Middle layer of skin

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Inner layer of skin

Portal of Exit

any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave

Types of Skin Cancer

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

Purpose of the Nervous System

Maintain Homeostasis, Control center for all body activities, Responds and adapts to changes that occur both inside and outside the body

Examples of Standard Precautions

Hand washing and routine cleaning

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of the nerves that reach all parts of the body

What kind of PPE should a patient with TB wear?

A mask

Frontal Lobe

Region of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Temporal Lobe

Region of the brain associated with memory, understanding, language, hearing, speech, facial recognition

Parietal Lobe

Region of the brain associated with perception, spelling, visual spatial processing, knowledge of numbers

Occipital Lobe

Region of the brain associated with vision, vision processing and color identification

Cerebellum

Region of the brain associated with gross and fine motor movement, hand eye coordination, balance, posture

Brain Stem

Region of the brain that regulates of body temp, heart rate, swallowing, breathing

Stroke

Sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Signs and symptoms include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty swallowing, visual or speech impairment, mental confusion

Susceptible Host

A person likely to get an infection or disease, usually because body defenses are weak. For example: children, a stressed student, a chemotherapy patient, a chronic smoker, a person getting over a cold

Alzheimer's Disease

An irreversible, progressive brain disorder where the nerve cells in the brain die, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

How long can a single pair of gloves be used?

During care for one patient

Types of Bones

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

Skeletal Muscle

Helps with body movement and supports body posture

Cardiac Muscle

Responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore, the pumping action to move blood throughout the body; only found in the heart

Smooth Muscle

Helps move blood, food, and waste products through the body

Joints

Structures which separate two or more adjacent elements of the skeletal system; Areas where two or more bones join together

Ligaments

Tough, fibrous bands of connective tissue, serve to support the internal organs and hold bones together at the joints