Carbon, Introduction, Carbohydrates, Lipids/Fats

what are the four types of macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Lipids/Fats

4. Nucleic Acids

Organic macromolecules are what

Polymers, meaning they are composed of many subunits called monomers (LIPIDS ARE THE EXCEPTION)

What is special about carbon

Can make 4 covalent bonds in many drections

What element is the backbone of organic macromolescules

carbon

What are some shapes carbon can form

Straight chains, Branched chains, Rings

What is a functional group and where are they attched

Attached to the carbon backbones of organic macromolecules

Specific arrangements of atoms in molecules that give the molecules specific properties

Define Hydration reactions

Attaches monomers together

Loss of OH and H from attaching monomers to form water

Define Hydrolysis

Breaks monomers apart

Water is used to replace the lost OH and H

What are carbohydrates

Polymers of sugar molecules

What are individual sugar molecules called

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides examples and structure

Sugar molecules include Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose

Made of carbons that are attached in ring structure

How are carbohydrates built

Built by attaching sugar molecules together by glycosidic bonds

what are Glycosidic Bonds and how are they made

made through dehydration reactions

This is how large polysaccarides can be made

What is a disaccharide, give some examples

Attaching 2 monosaccharrides through dehydration reaction

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

What are the three functions of Carbohydrates

1. Energy storage

2. Plant structure

3. Cell communication

How are carbohydrates used in energy storage

Bonds between atoms in carbohydrates contain chemical energy a form of potentioal energy. Breaking these bonds releases energy that cells can use!

What is Glycogen and where is it located

Animals store carbohydrates for energy here

Located in Brain, Live, Muscles, and Heart

How do plants store energy

Starch

What is cellulose

Another polymer of glucose

Provides support to plant walls

Most organic compound on earth

What fuel source can we not break down

Cellulose

3 polymers of glucose

Starch, Glycogen, and cellulose

How does carbohydrates help with cell communication

Carbohydrates attached to cells surface can convey or recieve signals from other cells

Blood type and carbohydrates relation

Blood type is due to the presence or absence of certain carbohydrates on red blood cells

Why is Fiber important

Digestive system (Nutrional source for microbes in our gut)

Define Organic compounds

Carbon based molecules that usally contain hydrogen

Why is molecules shape important

Determines Function

What are Isomers, give examples

Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangments

EX. Glucose and Fructose

Define Hydrocarbons

Moelcules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Define Enyzmes and why are they so important

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Needed in dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

What are lipids

Composed mainly of chains of hydrocarbons called fatty acids

Properties of lipids

Non polar molecules

Hydrophobic

3 functions of lipids

1. Energy Storage

2. Cell Membrane formation

3. Hormone synthesis

Lipids and Energy Storage

Twice as much energy stored in a gram of fat comapred to carbs

Main energy storage form is triglyceride

In animals lipids/fats used for energy are stored in a fat cell (adipocytes)

Structure of triglycerides

Composed of a glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acid chains

How are fatty acids attached to glycerol in a triglyceride

by ester linkages that are a result of dehydration reactions

Saturated fat

Straight

Solid at room temp

Too much of this fat can cause problems

Unsaturated Fat

Bent

Liquid at room temp

Contains at least 1 C=C which causes a bend

What is the cell membrane composed of

A special kind of lipid called a phospholipid arranged in a bilayer

Two parts of a phospholipid

1. Hydrophillic phophase head (polar charge)

2. Hydrophobic Fatty acid tail, one saturated and one unsaturated

How are hormones and lipids connected

lipids specifically cholesterol, are the precursors for steroid hormones

What are Trans Fat

An unsaturated fat linked to health risks that is formed artifically

How is Maltose formed

Glucose + Glucose

How is Sucrose formed

Glucose + Fructose

How is Lactose formed

Galactose + Glucose

Where is Starch located

Plants

Where kind of things use Glycogen

Animals