Overview of Communication Sciences and Disorders

ASHA

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, defines practice scope.

Scope of Practice

Defines roles, settings, qualifications in communication fields.

Work Settings

Various environments for professionals, including healthcare and schools.

Early Intervention

Support services for young children with developmental delays.

Audiologist

Profession focused on hearing and balance disorders.

Speech-Language Pathologist

Profession focused on speech, language, and swallowing disorders.

ICF Model

Framework for describing health experiences by WHO.

Doctoral Degree

Required for audiology from an accredited program.

Master's Degree

Required for speech-language pathology from accredited program.

CCC-SLP

Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology.

Fluency Disorders

Includes stuttering and cluttering in speech.

Cognition

Involves attention, memory, and problem-solving skills.

Auditory Habilitation

Support for speech/language impacted by hearing loss.

Hearing Wellness

Promotion of healthy hearing practices and screenings.

Cochlear Implants

Devices for individuals with severe hearing loss.

Clinical Services

Includes prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.

Speech Chain

Process from planning to responding in communication.

Linguistic Aspects

Words and sounds used to convey messages.

Paralinguistic Aspects

Intonation and stress altering meaning of sentences.

Nonlinguistic Aspects

Includes gestures and body language in communication.

Metalinguistic Aspects

Ability to analyze and discuss language itself.

Communication Disorder

Difficulty in speech, language, or hearing outside norms.

Service Delivery Areas (SLP)

Focus areas include fluency, voice, and language.

Service Delivery Areas (AUD)

Focus areas include hearing wellness and screenings.

Diagnostic Process

Determines atypical signs in behavior.

Joint Action

Routines and turn-taking in caregiver interactions.

Joint Attention

Shared focus on an object by two individuals.

Phoneme

Smallest meaningful unit of speech sound.

Phonology

Rules governing phoneme combinations.

Morpheme

Smallest unit of meaning in language.

Free Morphemes

Independent units of meaning (e.g., dog).

Bound Morphemes

Grammatical markers attached to free morphemes.

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

MLU = total morphemes/total utterances.

Syntax

Rules governing sentence structure.

Semantics

Meaning of words and their combinations.

Pragmatics

Language rules within social contexts.

Infant Paralanguage

Babies learn prosody and stress patterns.

Toddler Language Form

Early vocabulary primarily consists of nouns.

Agrammatical Speech

Two-word combinations lacking grammatical structure.

Fast Mapping

Quick word assumption from limited exposure.

Bootstrapping

Using language to learn language concepts.

Phonological Awareness

Recognition of smaller sound units in speech.

Speech

Audible expression of language.

Place of Articulation

Location where speech sounds are produced.

Manner of Articulation

How speech sounds are produced.

Respiratory System

Supplies air for speech production.

Laryngeal System

Generates sound through vocal fold vibration.

Articulatory System

Shapes and filters sound in vocal tract.

Cerebral Cortex

Largest brain part; processes sensory information.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for expressive communication and planning.

Temporal Lobe

Processes auditory information and language comprehension.

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs connecting brain to head and neck.

Impairment

Problem with body structure or organ.

Disability

Functional limitation affecting daily activities.

Neuro Overview

Central nervous system's structure and function.

Upper Motor Neurons

Send signals from brain to lower motor neurons.

Lower Motor Neurons

Send signals to muscles for contraction.

Vowels

Produced with unrestricted airflow in vocal tract.

Consonants

Produced with constricted airflow in vocal tract.

Diphthongs

Blend of two vowels in one syllable.

Cooing

Early vocalization with velar consonants.

Babbling

Prolonged vocalization with strings of sounds.

Variegated Babbling

Non-repetitive adjacent syllable production.

Phoneme Acquisition

Order of sound acquisition in language development.

Handicap

Environmental factor hindering normal life roles.

Cultural Differences

Variability leading to misdiagnosis in communication disorders.

Accent

Phonetic traits from original language in second language.

Dialect

Differences making one English speaker's speech unique.

Sociolinguistics

Study of social and cultural language influences.

Code Switching

Shifting between dialects of a language.

Standardized Test Biases

Mismatches between test maker and test taker.

Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)

Childhood communication impairment affecting speech intelligibility.

Prevalence of SSD

2.3-24.6% of school-aged children affected.

Long-term Outcomes of SSD

Poorer educational and occupational outcomes.

Risk Factors for SSD

Child, parent, and family-related factors.

Phonological Impairment

Cognitive-linguistic difficulty with phonological system.

Assimilation

Sound becomes similar to neighboring sound.

Substitution

Systematic replacement of one sound with another.

Syllable Structure Changes

Alterations affecting the syllable structure of words.

Articulation Impairment

Motor movement issues in speech production.

Screening

Identifying individuals needing further assessment.

Oral Motor Functioning

Strength and range of motion of oral muscles.

Orofacial Examination

Assessment of facial symmetry and structural deficits.

Common Speech Errors

Substitutions, omissions, distortions, and additions.

Final Consonant Deletion

Omission of the final consonant in words.

Weak Syllable Deletion

Deletion of unstressed syllables in words.

Cluster Reduction

Simplifying consonant clusters to single consonants.

SLP Responsibilities

Includes screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.

Multi-Tiered Systems of Support

Framework for providing varying levels of intervention.

Comprehensive SSD Assessment

Thorough evaluation of speech sound disorders.

Language Assessment Recommendation

Suggestion for evaluating language skills and abilities.

Audiologist Referral

Recommendation for hearing evaluation by a specialist.

Medical Professional Referral

Consultation with healthcare providers for additional support.

Standardized Assessment

Formal tests with established norms and procedures.

Non-Standardized Assessment

Informal evaluations tailored to individual needs.

Culturally Sensitive Assessment Tools

Evaluation methods respectful of diverse backgrounds.

Comprehensive Assessment Goals

Identify impairments, co-morbid conditions, and limitations.

Hearing Screening Purpose

To rule out hearing disorders affecting communication.

Pure-Tone Audiometry

Test measuring hearing sensitivity at various frequencies.

Speech Sound Assessment Techniques

Methods include single word testing and speech sampling.