MODULE 9: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

motivation

it describes the wants and needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

intrinsic motivation

arising from internal factors; a behavior is performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction they bring.

extrinsic motivation

arising from external factors; a behavior is performed in order to receive something from others. It is something that surrounds you that makes you motivated.

Instincts Theory

it states that motivation is something you are born with, it's not external items rather it's their instincts.

Instinct

patter of behavior that does not require learning

drive-reduction Theory

we are motivated to keep our body's homeostasis

homeostasis

ability of the body to maintain internal stability

arousal theory

states that physical environment can affect your mental arousal, and each individual has an optimum level of arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

a principle that performance increase but up to a certain point only, If an individual reaches that point, their performance starts to decrease.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

it states that to be motivated, there is a sequential order to be followed starting from physiological needs.

self-efficacy

an individual's belief in her own capacity and ability to complete a task.

self-transcendence

ability to share other people sense of belonging or something that can help them.

cognitive dissonance theory

this theory proposes that our bodies have a cognitive system that needs to stay constant which motivates us to fix inconsistency.

achievement motivation

continuous desire to achieve more after achieving something.

incentive theory

it states that incentive improves performance.

Habit

a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

eating

an action de to hunger that drives us to seek out sustenance that is essential for survival.

sustenance

the maintaining of someone or something in life or existence

leptin

a satiety hormone released by fat cells

satiation

it is the feeling of fullness that most people feel when glucose level increase.

set-point theory

states that each individual has an ideal body weight which is resistant to change.

body mass index

measure that uses your height and weight to know if your weight is healthy.

overweight

someone that has a BMI between 25 to 29.9

obese

someone that has a BMI of 30 or higher

morbid obesity

defines as having a BMI over 40 wherein they are at risk for death.

Bariartric Surgery

a type of surgery that aims to reduce weight by modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of body weight below the average through starvation or excessive exercise.

bulimia nervosa

eating a large amount of food and then purge to get rid of extra calories

Medial preoptic area

involved in the ability to engage in sexual behavior but does not affect sexual motivation.

Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens

involved in motivation for sexual behavior, but does not affect the ability to engage in it.

sexual orientation

it is the emotional and erotic attraction towards another individual.

heterosexual

it is attraction to opposite sex individual

homosexual

it is same sex attraction

bisexual

it is attraction to both sexes

gender identity

it refers to one's sense of being male or female; how you perceived yourself.

gender dysphoria

a sense of unease that a person may have because of a mismatch between biological sex and gender identity

cisgender

an umbrella term used to describe people whose sense of gender identity corresponds with their birth sex.

transgender

a term used to describe people whose sense of gender identity does not correspond with birth sex.

transsexual

these are people who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery or hormonal theraphy.

transgender hormone therapy

use of hormone to make one's body look more like the opposite sex.

gender expression

this is how one demonstrate gender, it can be feminine, masculine, androgynous, or somewhere along a spectrum.

emotion

this is consciously experience in response to something to experience and intentional.,

mood

unconsciously recognized and does not occur in response to something.

components of emotion

combination of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal and subjective experience.

james-lange theory

suggest that physical changes in the body happens first, which then leads to experience of emotions; emotions arised from physiological arousal and are based on interpretations of physical sensation.

cannon-bard theory

also knows as thalamic theory of emotions. it states that physical reaction and emotional reaction occur simultaneously and independently. These reaction originate in the thalamus.

Schachter-singer two-factor theory

it states that emotions are composed two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive process. It explains that people try to understand what is happening to their environment to inform their emotions.

limbic system

area of brain involved in emotion and memory. It is composed of hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

hypothalamus

it plays a role in the activation of sympathetic nervous system that is part of emotional reaction.

thalamus

relay station of information whose neurons project to amygdala and higher cortical structures.

basolateral complex

critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to learning as well as memory

central nucleus

it has connection with hypothalamus and brainstem areas to regulate autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

hippocampus

also involved in emotional processing such as mood and anxiety disorder.