Microbiology test 2 March 13

Catalase

Positive cocci on gram stain next step

Coagulase

My organism is catalase positive.  What next?

Staphylococcus aureus

* My organism is coagulase positive.  What is it?

Protein A, bound coagulase, polysaccharide capsules

* What are some of *S. aureus* virulence factors? (phagocytosis)

* cell-free coagulase, staphylokinase, hyaluronidase, lipase, beta-lactamase

* What are some of *S. aureus* virulence factors? (enzymes)

* cytolytic, exfoliative, toxic shock syndrome, and enterotoxins

* What are some of *S. aureus* virulence factors? (toxins)

Food poisoning, Cutaneous diseases

* What are some non-invasive diseases caused by *S. aureus*?

Toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, pneumonia

* What are some systemic diseases caused by *S. aureus*?

Hemolysis on BAP (beta, alpha, gamma), lancefield classification

* How are *Streptococcus* grouped?

Protein M, hyaluronic acid capsule, pyrogenic toxins, streptolysins

* What are some virulence factors caused by *Streptococcus pyogenes?*

Pharyngitis, scarlet fever

* What diseases do *S. pyogenes* cause? 

our immune system

What actually causes the diseases from s. pyogenes

rapid strep kit, culture

* How do you diagnosis *S. pyogenes*?

penicillin

how do you treat S. pyogenes

Group b Streptococcus

* What is another name for *Streptococcus agalactiae*?

Immunocompromised, neonates

* What populations are risk of getting this organism

Bacteremia, Meningitis, Pneumonia

* What diseases caused by streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus)

Antibiotics (for mothers before child birth), screen mothers

* How can you prevent infection of neonates?

Mouth, pharynx, Gi tract, genital tract

* Where are Viridans Strep group found?

dental plaques, meningitis

* What diseases can Viridan Strep group cause?

* Polysaccharide capsule

* What is the most important virulence factor for *S. pneumoniae*?

Pneumococcal pneumonia, otitis media, bacteremia

* What diseases do *S. pneumoniae* cause?

Elderly, infants, immunocompromised

* Who is at risk for these diseases from S. Pneumoniae

Culture, gram stain

How to diagnose s. pneumoniae

optichin, bile solubility

Tests for s. pneumoniae

vaccine

how to prevent s. pneumoniae

Colon

* Where is *Enterococcus* species normally found in the human body?

introduced to other body parts

* When does can enterococcus species cause disease in humans?

UTis, wound infection

What does enterococcus species cause

Difficult because resistant

what is treatment like for enterococcus species

Bacillus, Clostridium

* What two genera of bacteria produce endospores?

* *Bacillus anthracis*

* What organism causes anthrax?

* Anthrax toxin

* What causes most of the symptoms of anthrax?

* Gastrointestinal,
* Cutaneous,
* Inhalation

* What are the three different types of anthrax?

Endospores

* How do you get infected from anthrax

* Anaerobic

* What oxygen levels do *Clostridium* prefer?

* Soil, water, GI tract

* Where do you find clostridium

* Food poisoning (intoxication),
* Gas Gangrene (necrosis)

* What types of disease does *C. perfringens* cause

Digestive enzymes, Toxins (enterotoxin)

* Virulence factors of C. Perfringens

* Intestinal flora

* Where is *C. difficile* found?

* explosive diarrhea, Pseudomembraneous colitis

* What types of disease can *C. difficile* cause?

* Stop antimicrobial drugs, Metronidazole

treatment for *C. difficile*

* Botulism

* What disease does *Clostridium botulinum* cause

* Foodborne
* Infant 
* Wound

* What are the three manifestations of botulism?

* Antimicrobial drugs, neutralizing abs

Treatment for botulism?

Tetanus

* What disease does *Clostridium tetani* cause?

Back spasms, drooling, arms curl, irregular heart beat,

* What are the symptoms of tetanus?

* Tetanus toxoid vaccine

* How can you prevent tetanus?

* Contaminated food and drink

* How does one get exposed to *Listeria monocytogene*

* Survive inside cells  (macrophage, liver, gallbladder cells)

* This organisms virulence is due to its ability to 

* Meningitis

* What disease does this organism cause?

* Fetus, newborn, elderly, immunocompromised

* What populations are at risk of Listeria Monocytogenes?

Mycoplasma

* What organism is pleomorphic and one of the smallest free-living microbes?

Respiratory, urinary tracts

Mycoplasma can infect where

* Atypical pneumonia

* *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* causes what type of infection?

mild

* Is Atypical Pneumonia usually a mild or severe illness?

Yes, nasal secretions

Does Atypical Pneumonia spread

* Gram positive rod

* What does *Corynebacterium* look like on a gram stain?

* *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*

* What organism causes diphtheria?

* Pseudomembrane

* What is the diagnostic symptom of diphtheria?

* Diphtheria toxoid vaccine

How has diphtheria been removed from U.S

* Mycolic acid

* Why does *Mycobacterium* not stain with a Gram stain?

* Acid fast stain

* What stain technique do you use for *Mycobacterium*?

* Slow growth, protection from lysis after phagocytosis, intracellular growth, and resistance

* What are some unique characteristics of *Mycobacterium*?

* *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*

* What organism causes tuberculosis?

* Primary tuberculosis
* Secondary tuberculosis
* Disseminated tuberculosis 

* What are the three types of TB?

* Tubercles

* What structure does your body form to wall off *M. tuberulosis* in the lungs?

* Acid fast smear, culture, genetic probes, TB skin test/chest X-ray

* How do you diagnose TB?

* therapy for months (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide)

* How do you treat TB?

* Gonorrhea 

* What disease does *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* cause?

* Genital, urinary, and digestive tracts via capsule and fimbriae

* Where does this organism attach in the human body?

* Men: acute inflammation penis, Women: Asymptomatic,

* What are the symptoms/diseases in men/women/newborns?

* Genetic probes 

Diagnosis for neisseria gonorrhoeae

* Meningitis

* What diseases does *Neisseria meningitidis* cause?

under 20 yo,

* What population is most at risk for neisseria meningitidis?

High mortality rate

* Why is rapid diagnosis critical with N. Meningitidis?

* Vaccine, prophylactic treatment

* Prevention for N. Meningitids?