alkaloidsssssss

Generic name

Hydrastine

Atropine

Specific name

Cocaine

Belladonine

Common name

Ergotamine

Physiologic activity

Emetine

Morphine

Discoverer

Pelletine

Liquid alkaloids

Coniine

Arecoline

Nicotine

Sparteine

Coniine

Poison hemlock

Conium maculatum

Arecoline

Betel nut

Areca catechu

Nicotine

Tobacco

Nicotiana tabacum

Sparteine

Lupin

Lupinus mutabilis

Pyridine-Piperidine

Areca, Betel nut

Lobelia, Indian tobacco

Tobacco

Areca, Betel nut

Areca catechu

Arecoline

Punsupari

• areca + lime + piper betle leaves

• stimulant masticatory

Lobelia, Indian tobacco

Lobelia inflata

Lobeline

Smoking deterrent

Bantron

Tobacco

Nicotiana tabacum

Nicotine

Nicorette

Tropane

Belladonna, Deadly nightshade

Hyoscyamus, Henbane

Egyptian henbane

Stramonium, Jimson/Jamestown weed

Withania

Duboisia

Pituri, Austrailian tobacco

Mandragora, European mandrake

Coca, divine plant of incas

Belladona

Deadly nightshade

Atropa belladona

Atropine

Solanaceae

Hyoscyamus

Henbane

Hyoscyamus niger

0.04% alkaloid

Hyoscine/Scopolamine

Hyoscyamine

Egyptian henbane

Hyoscyamus muticus

1.5% alkaloid

Hyoscine/Scopolamine

Hyoscyamine

Stramonium

Jimson weed

Jamestown weed

Datura stramonium

D. metel

Hyoscine/Scopolamine

Asthma treatment (vapor)

Withania

Withania somnifera

Withanolides (steroidal lactone)

Adaptogen

Duboisia

Duboisia myoporoides

Commercial chief source of Atropine

Pituri

Austrailian tobacco

Duboisia hopwoodi

CNS stimulant

Mandragora

European mandrake

Mandragora offinarum

Datura fastousa

Mandragorine

Emetic at high doses

Commercial chief source of Scopolamine

Coca

Divine plant of the Incas

Erythrocylum coca - Huanca

E. spruceanum - Peruvian

E. novogranatense var. truxillense - Truxillo

Cocaine (crack, coke)

Used in BROMPTON’S COCKTAIL

• analgesic for cancer pain

• cocaine + morphine + chlorpromazine + 90% ethyl alcohol

Quinoline

(Trp, W)

Cuprea

Cinchona

Cuprea

Remijia purdieana

R. pedunculata

COMMERCIAL SOURCE OF QUINIDINE

Cinchona

Peruvian bark

Jesuit’s bark

Cinchona succirubra (red)

Cinchona calisaya (yellow)

Quinidine - antiarrhythmic

Quinine - antimalarial

Cinchonism

• tinnitus

• dizziness

• flushing

Age of bark is 6-9 y/o

Isoquinoline

Tyr, Y

ISOCH

Ipecac

Sanguinaria, blood root

Opium, stone of immortality

Curare, South american arrow poison

Hydrastis, goldenseal

Ipecac

Cephalis ipecacuanha - Brazilian

Cephalis acuminata - Panama

Emetine/Methylcephaeline

Ipecac syrup - emetic

Ipecac fluidextract - 14x more potent

dOvers powder

• Ipecac + Opium

• diaphoretic

Anti-amoeba

Sanguinis

Blood root

Sanguinaria canadensis

Sanguinarine

Expectorant

Emetic

Opium

Stone of immortality

Papaver somniferum

• milky exudates

Meconic acid

Red color w/ Ferric chloride

ONLY LEGAL SOURCE IN INDIA

Powdered opium - 10 - 10.5% morphine

Paregoric - Camphorated opium tincture

Laudanum - Deodorized opium tincture

Sydenham’s laudanum - wine of opium

Curare

South american arrow poison

Strychnos castelnei

Strychnos toxifera

Chondrodendron tomentosum

Tubocurarine

Head drop crossover test

• rabbits

• rats

Calabash - gourd

Tube - bamboo

Pot - clay pot

Hydrastis

Golden seal

Hydrastis canadensis

Hydrastine

Berberine

astringent

Opium alkaloids

Apomorphine

Heroin/Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine

Hydromorphone

Hydrocodone

Apomorphine

condensation of morphine with HCl

Heroin

more pronounced effect than morphine

Hydromorphone

more potent narcotic analgesic

less constipative and habit forming

Hydrocodone

Anti-tussive

Imidazole

His, H

Pilocarpus

Pilocarpus

Pilocarpus jaborandi

• pernambuco jaborandi

Pilocarpus microphyllus

• maranhan jaborandi

Pilocarpus pinatifolius

• paraguay jaborandi

Pilocarpine

miotic for glaucoma

Steroidal

CPPP

American hellebore/green

European hellebore/white

American hellebore

Green

Veratrum viride

European hellebore

White

Veratrum album

Steroidal GROUP 1

Esters of Steroidal base

Germidine

Germitrine

Steroidal GROUP 2

Glucosides

Pseudojervine

Veratrosine

Steroidal GROUP 3

Alkamines

Germine

Jervine

Rubijervine

Veratramine

Indole

Trp, W

VPRENS

Rauwolfia

Catharanthus, Chichirica, Periwinkle

Nux vomica

St. Ignatius Bean/ Ignatia

Ergot, Rye ergot, Secale cornutum

Physostigma, Calabar, Esere, Ordeal bean

Rauwolfia

Rauwolfia serpentina

Reserpine

Alseroxylon fraction

Catharanthus

Chichirica

Periwinkle

Catharanthus roseus

Vinca rosea (formerly)

Vinblastine/Vincaleukoblastine

• hodgkins and lymphoma

Vinleurosine/Leurosine

• lymphosarcoma

• sarcoma

• blastomas

Vincristine/Leucocristine

antineoplastic

antimitotic (metaphase)

Nux vomica

Strychnos nux-vomica

Strychnine - cns stimulant

Brucine (dimethoxystrychnine) - alcohol denaturant

St. Ignatius Bean

Ignatia

Strychnos ignatii

commercial source for strychnine and brucine

Ergot

Rye ergot

Secale cornutum

Claviceps purpurea (parasitic)

Claviceps paspali (saprophytic)

Ergotism

• foul smellng discharge

Physostigma

Calabar

Esere

Ordeal bean

Physostigma venenosum

Physostigmine

Eserine

DOC for atropine and neostigmine toxicity

Cholinergic crisis

Atropine antidote

Ergot

Ergonovine/Ergometrine

Methylergonovine

Methysergide

Ergotamine

Dihydroergotamine

Ergotoxine

LSD

Ergonovine

Ergometrine

Oxytocic

uterine contraction

Methylergonovine

more potent

Methysergide

Prophylaxis of migraine headache

Ergotamine w/ caffeine

Analgesic for migraine w/ caffeine

vasoconstrictor

Dihydroergotamine

More potent and long acting

Ergotoxine

vasorelaxant

LSD

psychomimetic activity

potent hallucinogen

Albert Hoffman 1943

Alkaloidal amines

Ephedra, Ma huang

Colchicum

Khat, Abyssinian tea

Peyote, Mescal buttons

Psilocybe

Ephedra

Ma huang

Ephedra sinica

Ephedrine

nasal decongestant

Colchicum

Colchicum autumnale

Colchicine

acute gout tx

allupurinol tx for chronic gout

Khat

Abyssinian tea

Catha edulsis

Cathinone

CNS stimulant

hunger

fatigue

Peyote

Mescal buttons

Lophophora williamsii

Mescaline

3,4,5-trimethoxy-beta-phenylethylamine

hallucinogen

Psilocybe

Psilocybe mexicana

Psilocybin

hallucinogen

Purine test

Murexide test - purines/methylxanthines

purple color

Purine

Cola, Kola nuts

Coffee

Mate, Paraguay tea

Theobroma

Tea

Theobromine

3,7-dimethylxanthine

Theophylline

1,3-dimethylxanthine

Caffeine

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine

Cola

Kola nuts

Cola nitida

Caffeine

Theobromine

Kolacatechin

Coffee

Coffea arabica var. robusta, liberica

Caffeol - volatile oil present

Caffeine, Trigonelline - CNS stimulant, inotropic, chronotropic, diuretic

Safe coffee levels 400mg

Brewed coffee highest level of caffeine

Decaffeinized coffee less than 0.08% caffeine

Mate

Paraguay tea

Ilex paraguariensis

Caffeine

Tannins

laxative

purgative

diuretic

Theobroma

Cacao

Food for the Gods

Theobroma cocoa

Theobromine

CNS stimulant

smooth muscle relxant for angina

diuretic for cardiac edema

beta-stable (34.5 celsius) used in suppositories

Tea

Camellia sinensis

Theophylline

Thein (Caffeine)

bronchodilator

diuretic