Philippine Wildlife

This shit is so ass

Wildlife

any living organisms that are undomesticated and are free-ranging, living in places that are untouched, untampered with, and have no interaction with human activity

Dipterocarp Forest

The primary type of tropical rainforest formation in the Philippines

(Shorea, Parashorea, Dipterocarpus species)

Dipterocarpaceae family

Pine Forest

Pure or dominant stands of gymnosperms adapted to fire and sandy/acidic soils.

Montane Forest

Transition zone between lowland dipterocarp forest and high elevation

Has low temperatures and great cloud coverage that encourage the growth of epiphytes such as ferns, orchids, and lichens

• Oak (Lithocarpus)

• Laurel (Laureaceae)

• Ferns and Epiphytes

Trees in the montane Forest

Molave Forest

Lowland forest that develops on limestone or calcium-rich soils in regions with distinct wet and dry seasons.

• Vitex parviflora (Molave)

• Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil)

Species that Dominate the Molave Forests

Mossy (Cloud Forest)

Persistent mist, cool temperatures, and high humidity. Trees are stunted, gnarled, and heavily shrouded in thick carpets of mosses, liverworts, and epiphytes.

Mount Pulag, Mount Banahaw, and Mount Kitanglad

Examples of Mountains with mossy forests

Mangrove Forest

Intertidal coastal zones and brackish estuaries Consists of salt-tolerant trees

Sus cebifrons
Sus philippensis
Sus oliveri
Sus ahoenobarbus

The four endemic pigs of the philippines

Sus cebifrons

Visayan warty pig

Sus philippensis

Philippine warty pig

Sus oliveri

Mindoro warty pig

Sus ahoenobarbus

Palawan bearded pig

Sus cebifrons

Critically Endangered and native to the West Visayan Islands (Panay & Negros)
Prominent snout warts and distinct hair tufts

Sus philippensis

Vulnerable Native to Luzon, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao

Sus ahoenobarbus

characterized by dense white bristles on its snout and cheeks.

Bubalus mindorensis

Tamaraw

Pithecophaga jefferyi

Philippine Eagle

Hydrosaurus pustulatus

Philippine Sailfin Lizard

Tragulus nigricans

Mouse Deer

Platymantis sp.

Philippine Forest Frog

Platymantis sp.

Has no tadpole stage but lays its eggs in leaf litter or moss that become froglets when hatched.

Order Anura

Frogs and Toads Order

Order Caudata

Salamanders

Order Gymnophiona

Caecilians (Limbless amphibians)

Crocodylus mindorensis

Freshwater Crocodile

Crocodylus porosus

Saltwater Crocodile

Order Testudines

Turtles

Order Squamata

Snakes, Lizards,

Suborder Amphisbaena

(Worm lizards)

Suborder Serpentes

Snakes

Suborder Sauria

Lizards Suborder

Birds

Most diverse groups of animals in the Philippines

Biogeography

It is defined as the study of the distribution of now existing and fossil organisms based on past and present areas

Sierra Madre

Longest Mountain Range

Cordillera Central

Tallest and Largest Mountain Range

Caraballo

Connects Cordillera and Sierra Madre

Zambales

West Bay of Luzon from Pangasinan to Bataan

Cagayan to Northern Quezon

Location of Sierra Madre

South Central Luzon

Location of Cordillera Central

Southern Luzon

Location of Caraballo

Panay

Negros

Masbate

Cebu

Leyte

Samar

Major Islands in Visayas

Lieven Ferdinand de Beaufort

Posited the Zoogergraphic regions of the World

Zoogeographic Regions

divisions of the Earth that are based on the geographic distribution of animal species;

Nearctic
Palearctic
Neotropical
Ethiopian
Oriental
Australasian

six zoogeographic realms according to de Beaufort

Nearctic Realm

Includes North America and Greenland.

Nearctic Realm

The Blue one

Palearctic Realm

Covers Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, and northern Africa.

Palearctic

The violet one

Neotropical Realm

Includes Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. It is known to be the most biodiverse

Neotropical

The grey one

Afrotropical (Ethiopian) Realm

Comprises most of Africa, excluding the northern regions.

Afrotropical (Ethiopian) Realm

the brown one

Oriental Realm

Includes South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Oriental

The green one

Australasian Realm

Covers Australia and parts of New Guinea and Tasmania

Australasian

The light green ome

Climatic factors

cause species to originate more quickly in tropical regions

Temperate areas were () leaving less time for species to originate and accumulate in these regions

colonized more recently,

ancient origins of many groups in the tropics

Inability of most tropical species to tolerate variable temperatures of temperate areas

Evidence of why there are more species in the tropics

The Wallace Line

imaginary line that separates the Oriental Region (West) and the Australo-Papuan Region (East)

Oriental Region (West) and the Australo-Papuan Region (East)

what does the wallace line separate

Islands of Bali and Lombok, Borneo and Celebes, and south of the Sulu Islands and Mindanao

The wallace line is a line between _______and between _________ and then ______

Alfred Russel Wallace

posited the wallace line

Huxley

who modified the wallace line

Balabac-Palawan-Calamianes chain

Huxley included what in the Wallace line

Webers Line

What separates the Oriental and Australian Regions

Oriental and Australian regions

What does the Webers Line Separate

East Timor, West of Buru Island, and then west of Ternate

Location of the Wallace Line

Borneo via Palawan and Mindanao

The majority of the existing native species or their ancestral stocks colonized the Philippines from? via?

Taylor, Asiatic

According to ___ he relationships of the fauna, for the most part, seem to be with the_____

Leviton, Malayan and Indonesian in affinities

________observed that the Philippine snakes are predominantly____

Endemism

It is the degree of how many Endemic wildlife species there are in a geographic area

naturally restricted to a specific

geographic area and is not found elsewhere in the wild.

A species is considered endemic when it is

continental Asia and the Australian region.

The Philippine archipelago occupies a strategic position between the?

Pleistocene Epoch

In the _______ fluctuations in sea level repeatedly connected and isolated islands through land bridges, facilitating the dispersal, isolation, and diversification of many organisms.

Sundaic (Indo-Malayan) Region

influenced the fauna of Palawan and Calamian Islands, which were connected to Borneo through the Sunda Shelf

Palawan and Calamian Islands, Borneo, Sunda Shelf

Sundaic (Indo-Malayan) Region influenced the fauna of_____ which were connected to _____ through the_____

Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia

Many mammals, reptiles, and birds inhabiting Palawan share close evolutionary relationships with species in _______

oceanic islands

Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Leyte, and the Visayan islands are considered ____that have never been connected to mainland Asia.

Sulawesi, New Guinea, and Australia

Wildlife communities in the eastern Philippines share historical faunal exchange with_____

Eastern Philippines

Wildlife communities in the_____share historical faunal exchange with Sulawesi, New Guinea, and Australia

Siberia, China, Korea, Japan,
Palearctic region
East Asian–Australasian Flyway

millions of migratory birds originating from _____ and other parts of the ______ annually utilize the Philippines as an important wintering ground and stopover site along the________

Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complexes
120

These are landmasses that got connected and separated after the repeated glacial and interglacial cycles that caused global sea levels to rise and fall by as much as ____ meters from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago

Greater Luzon
Greater Mindanao
Greater Mindoro
Greater Negros-Panay
Greater Sulu
Greater Palawan

major PAICs that are commonly recognized for terrestrial vertebrates

Luzon, Catanduanes, Marinduque, and the Polillo Islands

Islands within Greater Luzon

Mindanao, Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Dinagat, Siargao, Biliran, and Basilan

Islands within Greater Mindanao

Negros, Panay, Cebu, Masbate, and Guimaras

Islands within Greater Negeros-Panay

Palawan, the Calamian Islands (Busuanga, Coron, Culion), Balabac, and the Cuyo Archipelago.

Islands within greater Palawan

Tawi-Tawi, Jolo (Sulu), and smaller surrounding islands of the Sulu Archipelago.

Islands within Greater Sulu

Non-native

organisms introduced by humans to regions where they do not naturally occur, and some can become invasive

Native

organism that naturally occurs in a specific region or ecosystem without human introduction

Endemic

organisms that are found naturally in a specific geographic area

Non-endemic/Resident

lives, feeds, and breeds year-round in a given geographic region but naturally occurs across multiple other regions or continents worldwide

Relict

is a surviving member of a once widespread or diverse group, now restricted to a limited area or population

More than 60%

% of amphibians in the Philippines are endemic