TCALLP REVIEWER

Traditional Approach to Human Development

Believes that children show extensive change from birth to adolescence but little or no change in adulthood, followed by decline in old age.

Life-span Approach to Human Development

Suggests that developmental change takes place throughout adulthood, similar to childhood.

Plasticity

The potential for change throughout the life-span, indicating that no one is too old to learn.

Proximodistal Pattern

Developmental pattern where muscular control progresses from the center of the body outwards.

Cephalo-caudal Pattern

Developmental pattern where growth starts at the head and works its way down the body.

Developmental Tasks (Havighurst, 1972)

Concepts arising at certain life periods; successful completion leads to happiness, while failure may result in difficulties with later tasks.

Psychosexual Stages (Freud)

The five stages of development, each with specific needs that must be satisfied to develop a healthy personality.

Id, Ego, Superego

Freud's components of personality; id seeks pleasure, ego deals with reality, and superego represents moral conscience.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance from a More Knowledgeable Other.

Ecosystems Theory (Bronfenbrenner)

Focuses on the complex layers of environment affecting a child's development, including microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.