2.8: Intelligence and Achievement

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49 Terms

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Intelligence

Ability to learn from experience, solve problem, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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General intelligence (g)

Underlies all mental abilities and is measure by every task on an intelligence test, if we are good at one thing then we are good at many things

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Factor analysis

Statistical procedure to identify clusters of related items on a test, used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

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Seven clusters of primary mental abilities

Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory

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Fluid intelligence (Gf)

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases with age

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Crystallized intelligence (Gc)

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with age

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Cattell-horn-Carroll (CHC) theory

Intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities, bridged by Gf and Gc

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9th intelligence

Existential intelligence (ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence)

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Influence on educators of gardner’s multiple intelligence theory

Concept that children have different learning styles

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Savant syndrome

Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

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Part of the triarchic theory of intelligence by sternberg

Analytical, creative, and practical

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Analytical intelligence

Assessed by intelligence test, problems have a single right answer

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Creative intelligence

Demonstrated in innovative smart, ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas

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Practical intelligence

Required for everyday tasks that may be poorly defined and have multiple solutions

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Two points agreed on by Gardner and sternberg

Multiple abilities can contribute to life success, differing varieties of giftedness bring both spice to life and challenges for education

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Criticism of multiple intelligences and triarchic theory

g matters, general intelligence does predict performance on various complex tasks

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Combination for success

Talent and grit

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Grit

Passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals

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10 year rule

It takes about 10 years of intense daily practice to be an expert at a task

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Abilities of emotional intelligence

Perceiving emotion, understanding emotions, managing emotions, using emotions

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Socially aware

Read emotional cues and know what to say in various situations

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Self-aware

Can delay instant gratification in pursuit of long-range rewards

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Intelligence test

Method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitude and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

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Achievement test

Test designed to assess what a person has learned

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Aptitude test

Test designed to predict a person’s future performance, capacity to learn

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Theory of galton

intelligence was hereditary, led to eugenics

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Original purpose of binet’s IQ test

Minimize bias in assigning students to classes

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Concept of mental age

Level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age

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Stanford-Binet test

American version of binet’s original intelligence test by Lewis Terman

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How to calculate IQ

(Mental age/chronological age) x 100

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Issue with original IQ formula

Didn’t work as well for adults

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Percentage of people with an IQ between 85 and 115

68%

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Main categories of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Similarities (reasoning commonality), vocabulary (naming pictures/objects), block design (visual abstract processing), letter-number sequencing

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Psychometrics

Scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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Things needed for a “good” test

Standardized, reliability, validity

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Standardized

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

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Reliability

Extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by consistency on two halves, alternative forms, or retesting

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Validity

Extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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Bell curve

Describes distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, most scores near the average, fewer and fewer scores near the extremes

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Content validity

Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

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Construct validity

How much a test measures a concept or trait

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Predictive validity

Success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

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Cross sectional study

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

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Longitudinal study

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

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Cohort

Groups of people sharing a common characteristic

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Links between intelligence and health

More education, better jobs, healthier environment; healthy living (less smoking, better diet, more exercise); prenatal events or early childhood events can influence intelligence and health; fast reaction speed for intelligence and longevity

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Growth mindset

Focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed

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Fixed mindset

View that intelligence, abilities, and talents are unchangeable even with efffort

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Stereotype threat

Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype