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Intelligence
Ability to learn from experience, solve problem, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
General intelligence (g)
Underlies all mental abilities and is measure by every task on an intelligence test, if we are good at one thing then we are good at many things
Factor analysis
Statistical procedure to identify clusters of related items on a test, used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score
Seven clusters of primary mental abilities
Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory
Fluid intelligence (Gf)
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases with age
Crystallized intelligence (Gc)
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with age
Cattell-horn-Carroll (CHC) theory
Intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities, bridged by Gf and Gc
9th intelligence
Existential intelligence (ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence)
Influence on educators of gardner’s multiple intelligence theory
Concept that children have different learning styles
Savant syndrome
Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Part of the triarchic theory of intelligence by sternberg
Analytical, creative, and practical
Analytical intelligence
Assessed by intelligence test, problems have a single right answer
Creative intelligence
Demonstrated in innovative smart, ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas
Practical intelligence
Required for everyday tasks that may be poorly defined and have multiple solutions
Two points agreed on by Gardner and sternberg
Multiple abilities can contribute to life success, differing varieties of giftedness bring both spice to life and challenges for education
Criticism of multiple intelligences and triarchic theory
g matters, general intelligence does predict performance on various complex tasks
Combination for success
Talent and grit
Grit
Passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals
10 year rule
It takes about 10 years of intense daily practice to be an expert at a task
Abilities of emotional intelligence
Perceiving emotion, understanding emotions, managing emotions, using emotions
Socially aware
Read emotional cues and know what to say in various situations
Self-aware
Can delay instant gratification in pursuit of long-range rewards
Intelligence test
Method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitude and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Achievement test
Test designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude test
Test designed to predict a person’s future performance, capacity to learn
Theory of galton
intelligence was hereditary, led to eugenics
Original purpose of binet’s IQ test
Minimize bias in assigning students to classes
Concept of mental age
Level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age
Stanford-Binet test
American version of binet’s original intelligence test by Lewis Terman
How to calculate IQ
(Mental age/chronological age) x 100
Issue with original IQ formula
Didn’t work as well for adults
Percentage of people with an IQ between 85 and 115
68%
Main categories of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Similarities (reasoning commonality), vocabulary (naming pictures/objects), block design (visual abstract processing), letter-number sequencing
Psychometrics
Scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
Things needed for a “good” test
Standardized, reliability, validity
Standardized
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Reliability
Extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by consistency on two halves, alternative forms, or retesting
Validity
Extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Bell curve
Describes distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, most scores near the average, fewer and fewer scores near the extremes
Content validity
Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Construct validity
How much a test measures a concept or trait
Predictive validity
Success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
Cross sectional study
Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
Longitudinal study
Research that follows and retests the same people over time
Cohort
Groups of people sharing a common characteristic
Links between intelligence and health
More education, better jobs, healthier environment; healthy living (less smoking, better diet, more exercise); prenatal events or early childhood events can influence intelligence and health; fast reaction speed for intelligence and longevity
Growth mindset
Focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed
Fixed mindset
View that intelligence, abilities, and talents are unchangeable even with efffort
Stereotype threat
Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
