MHHS 1002 Exam

Which structures do the mesoderm give rise to

musculoskeletal system, lymphatic system, cardiovascular system, urogenital system, deep layers of skin (dermis), connective tissues

Mast cells

Specialized white blood cells that act as immune system alarms

Inflammatory responses (resident)

Defend against pathogens and parasites

Macrophages

Wandering immune cells

First line of defense

Body’s primary cleanup crew

Adipocytes

Building blocks of fat tissue

Stores energy

Fibroblasts

Most abundant resident cell type in connective tissue

Primary cells of connective tissue

Secrete fibers and ground substance

Tubercle

Small rounded projection on a bone

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection on a bone

Fossa

Shallow depression in a bone

Cervical vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Epiphysis

Rounded edge/tip of a long bone

Diaphysis

Midsection/shaft of long bone

Metaphysis

Narrow portion of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

Perimysium

Sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue that binds groups of individual muscle fibers into bundles known as fascicles

Epimysium

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that envelops the entire skeletal muscle

Filum terminale

Extension of pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to coccyx

Extends from conus medullaris

Denticulate ligament

Extensions of pia matter that attach spinal cord to dura matter

Ligamentum flavum

Connect laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Conus medullaris

Cone-shaped ending of spinal cord

Conductive zone of respiratory system

Carries air into and out of lungs
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Respiratory zone of respiratory system

Site of gas exchange

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Haustra

Small, segmented pouches found in colon

Churns chyme

By churning contents, it slows down passage of waste, allowing body to absorb vital water and electrolytes from stool

Liver

Produces bile

Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile

Spleen

Filters blood

Pancreas

Produces pancreatic juice: digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase) and hormones (insulin)

Nephron

Fundamental filtering unit of kidneys

Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

Filters blood, removing waste, regulating water and electrolyte balance

Corpora cavernosa

Paired columns of spongy, erectile tissue that run length of the top and sides of penis

Continuous with crura (root)

Penile glans

Dilated, distal portion of penis

Proximal

Towards trunk

Stroma

Supportive structural framework of an organ or tissue

Formed by reticular connective tissue

Bursae

Small, fluid-filled sacs located near synovial joints

Primary role is to act as a cushion and reduce friction between moving parts

Gastrulation

Term for transformation of bilaminar embryonic disc into the trilaminar embryonic disc consisting of the three primary germ layers

Radial nerve

Responsible for extension, supplies sensation to the back of the hand, controls muscles that straighten elbow, wrist, and fingers

Ulnar nerve

Controls fine hand movements, finger spreading, and provides sensation to little finger and half the ring finger, operates muscles in palm

Layers of epidermis

Benny Should Go Live Closer

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidem

Stratum corneum

Folia

Folds of grey matter in cerebellum

Sensation of taste

Anterior 2/3 of tongue: facial nerve, posterior 1/3 of tongue: glossopharyngeal nerve

Cauda equina

Collection of spinal roots that continues down through spinal canal below conus medullaris

Grey commisure

Strip of gray matter that surrounds central canal of spinal cord and connects two halves of cord

Retroperitoneal structures

SADPUCKER

Suprarenal gland

Aorta and IVC

Duodenum (half)

Pancreas
Ureters

Colon (ascending and descending)

Kidneys

Esophagus

Rectum

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of endocrine cells in pancreas

Contains alpha and beta cells, responsible for secreting hormones like insulin and glucagon

Afferent nerves

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Efferent Nerves

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)

Mixed Nerves

Tigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)

Haversion systems (osteons)

Structural setup of compact bone

Trabeculae (bony shelves)

Structural setup of spongy bone

Ventral horns

Motor/somatic

Dorsal horns

Sensory

Cystic duct

Duct in the gallbladder that forms the common bile duct together with common hepatic duct in the liver

Cremaster muscle

Elevates and lowers the testes in response to external temperature

Dartos muscle

Wrinkles and relaxes scrotal skin

Brush border

Microvilli

Found in small intestine and kidneys

Function is to increase surface area for absorption on the cell membrane

Sagittal suture

Joins the two parietal bones

Coronal suture

Joins frontal bone to two parietal bones

Primary curvatures of spine

Thoracic and sacral

Secondary curvatures of spine

Cervical and lumbar

Epiphyseal plate

Growth plate located in metaphysis

Thalamus

Brain’s relay system for all incoming sensory and motor information except smell

Olfactory cortex

Located in temporal lobe

Pituitary gland

Located at base of brain

Often called “master gland”

Controls metabolism, growth, and activity of other endocrine glands

Produced growth hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL)

Pineal gland

Located near center of the brain, on the back of the 3rd ventricle

Regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycle

Produces melatonin

Posterior pituitary gland

Produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Anterior pituitary gland

Produces growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin hormone

Sinoatrial Node

Heart’s natural “pacemaker”

Initiates spontaneous electrical impulses that set the baseline rhythm and rate for the entire heart

Atrioventricular node

Delays impulse briefly to allow atria to fully empty into ventricles before continuing

Purkinje fibers

Spreads signal throughout ventricular muscle to contract

Largest lymphatic vessel in body

Thoracic duct

Pancreatic acini

Functional units of exocrine pancreas

Makes up 99% of pancreatic tissue

Which accessory gland does the formation of the ejaculatory duct occur within

Prostate gland

Accessory sex gland of male reproductive system that lies on posterior aspect of urinary bladder

Seminal vesicle

Seminiferous tubules

Site of production of sperm cells in testes

Epidiymis

Storage and maturation of sperm cells after production

Tunica vaginalis

Serous membrane covering testes

Rete testis

Network of tubules that carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to efferent ducts