Week 2 Altered Cells and Tissues (5-6)

What is cellular ingestion?

The process by which cells take in substances, including nutrients, fluids, and other particles.

What is endocytosis?

The process of engulfing large particles or liquids by wrapping the cell membrane around them to form vesicles.

What are the two types of endocytosis?

Pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating).

What is pinocytosis?

The ingestion of small liquid-containing vesicles into the cell, requiring ATP.

What is phagocytosis?

The ingestion of large particles like bacteria, dead cells, or cellular debris by cells called phagocytes (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils).

What is cellular respiration?

The process by which cells convert nutrients (usually glucose) into energy (ATP) to power cellular functions.

What is anaerobic respiration?

ATP production without oxygen, typically producing less energy and generating lactic acid as a byproduct.

What is aerobic respiration?

ATP production in the presence of oxygen, producing significantly more energy (ATP) than anaerobic respiration.

How do cells adapt to stress?

Cells adapt by changing in size, number, or type to better handle the stress.

What is atrophy?

The decrease in cell size due to reduced functional demand, lack of use, or decreased oxygen supply.

What is hypertrophy?

The increase in cell size due to increased functional demand or hormone stimulation.

What is hyperplasia?

The increase in cell number due to increased demand, hormonal stimulation, or chronic irritation.

What is metaplasia?

The reversible change of one cell type to another in response to chronic irritation or inflammation.

What is dysplasia?

Abnormal cell growth with altered cell size, shape, and organization, often considered precancerous.

What is cellular injury?

Damage to a cell that disrupts its normal structure and function, potentially leading to cell death.

What are some causes of cellular injury?

Hypoxia, chemical exposure, physical trauma, infection, immune reactions, and nutritional imbalances.

What is necrosis?

Uncontrolled cell death resulting from severe injury, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death, a controlled process that removes damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.

What is cerebral atrophy?

The progressive loss or shrinkage of brain cells, leading to a decrease in brain size and function.

What are the clinical manifestations of cerebral atrophy?

Memory loss, cognitive decline, difficulty with speech and movement, and changes in behavior.

What tools are used to diagnose cerebral atrophy?

Brain imaging (CT, MRI) and neurological assessments.

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

The thickening of the heart muscle, often due to increased workload or high blood pressure.

What are the clinical manifestations of cardiac hypertrophy?

Chest pain, shortness of breath, arrhythmias, and reduced exercise tolerance.

What tools are used to diagnose cardiac hypertrophy?

Echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray, and MRI.