Ch. 8 Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Social-Cognitive Theory

a theoretical perspective which asserts that social and personality development in early childhood is related to improvements in the cognitive domain

Person Perception

the ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender, and race

Emotional Regulation

the ability to control emotional states and emotion-related behavior

Empathy

the ability to identify with another person's emotional state

Gender

the psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex

Gender Identity

the ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female

Gender Stability

the understanding that gender is a stable, lifelong characteristic

Gender Constancy

the understanding that gender is a component of the self that is not altered by external appearance

Gender Schema Theory

an information-processing approach to gender concept development, asserting that people use a schema for each gender to process information about themselves and others

Sex-Typed Behavior

different patterns of behavior exhibited by boys and girls

Cross-Gender Behavior

behavior that is atypical for one's own sex but typical for the opposite sex

Parenting Styles

the characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behavior

Permissive Parenting Style

a style of parenting that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication

Authoritarian Parenting Style

a style of parenting that is low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands

Authoritative Parenting Style

a style of parenting that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication

Uninvolved Parenting Style

a style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication

Inductive Discipline

a discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why a punished behavior is wrong

Extended Family

a social network of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and so on

Social Skills

a set of behaviors that usually lead to being accepted as a play partner or friend by peers

Aggression

behavior intended to harm another person or an object

Instrumental Aggression

aggression used to gain or damage an object

Hostile Aggression

aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage

Prosocial Behavior

behavior intended to help another person