Cognitive Approach SAQ Guide

Explain one model of memory with reference to one study.

Multi-Store-Memory-Model - Milner (1966)

Aim - to better understand the effects that the surgery had had on patient HM

MSM - the model which states memory operates from stimuli to sensory memory (immediate) to short-term memory (slightly more lasting) and is finally consolidated into long-term memory, later retrieved

Explain schema theory with reference to one study.

Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Aim - to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect the estimation of speed

Schema Theory - a pattern of thought developed by one’s experiences & knowledge to assist in categorizing & understanding

Explain one model of thinking and decision-making with reference to one study.

Dual-Process Model - Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Aim - to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect the estimation of speed

Dual-Process Model - labels 2 main systems of thinking; system 1, intuitive, quick, assumptive, and system 2, more slow, concise, and logical. System 1 thinking is automatic while system 2 often requires more focus

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of one cognitive process.

Informed Consent - Milner (1966)

Explain the use of one research method in one study of one cognitive process.

Case Study, Memory - Milner (1966)

Explain the Working Memory Model with reference to one study.

Warrington and Shallice (1970)

Aim - to investigate the relationship between short-term memory and long-term memory when short-term memory has been impaired

Working Memory Model - separates memory into different spheres depending on what a memory is; language information goes to phonological loop, experiences go to episodic buffer, imagery goes to visuospatial sketchpad; all are kept by central executive which pulls from each & each pulls from long term memory

Explain the Multi-Store Model with reference to one study.

Milner (1966)

Aim - to better understand the effects that the surgery had had on patient HM

MSM - the model which states memory operates from stimuli to sensory memory (immediate) to short-term memory (slightly more lasting) and is finally consolidated into long-term memory, later retrieved

Explain reconstructive memory with reference to one study.

Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Aim - to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect the estimation of speed

Reconstructive Memory - the alteration of episodic memory when it is retrieved

Explain one bias in thinking and decision-making with reference to one study.

Anchoring - Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Aim - to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect the estimation of speed

Anchoring Bias - an individual’s judgements is influenced by a certain reference point or ‘anchor’

Explain one study of the influence of emotion on one cognitive process.

Flashbulb Memory - Brown & Kulik (1977)

Aim - to investigate whether surprising and personally significant events can cause flashbulb memories

Flashbulb Memory - a particularly detailed or vivid memory, usually of a shocking event

Explain the use of one research method in one study of the reliability of one cognitive process.

Case Study - Milner (1966)

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of the reliability of cognitive processes.

Informed Consent - Milner (1966)

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of the effect of emotion on cognition.

Undue Stress/Harm - Brown & Kulik (1977)

Explain the use of one research method in one study of the effect of emotion on cognition.

Interview/Questionnaire - Brown & Kulik (1977)