Unit/Period 4 APUSH

Judiciary act of 1801

Law passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress just before Thomas Jefferson took office, creating new federal Judge positions

Midnight judges

Federal judges appointed by president John Adams in the final hours of his presidency under the Judiciary Act of 1801, intended to secure Federalist influence in the judiciary

Marbury vs. Madison

1803 Supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review—the pwer of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

War with Tripoli

Conflict from 1801-1805 between the U.S. and the Barbary pirates off the coast of North Africa after president Jefferson resused to pay tribute for safe passage of American ships

Haitian Revolution

(1791-1804) Successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) that led to its independence and influenced Napoleon’s decision to sell louisiana

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition by the U.S. from France of a vast territoru in central North America, virtually doubling the size of the country

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Leaders of the Corps of discovery expedition (1804-1806) commissioned by jefferson to explore the newly acquired louisiana territory

Sacajawea

Shoshone woman who served as an interpreter and guide for the lewis and Clark expedition

impressment

the act of forcibly drafting sailors into naval service, particularly the British practice of seizing American sailors and forcin ghtem to serve in the Royal Navy

Embargo Act

1807 law assed by jefferson that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports, intended to pressure Britain and France but Disastrous for the U.S. economy

War hawks

young, nationalistic republican congressmen, primarily formthe south and west, who pushsed for war with great britain in the early 1810’s

Tecumseh

shawnee chief who led an effor to unite Native American tribes east of the Mississippi river to resist U.S. expansion

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 battle in Indiana Territory where U.S. forces, led by william henrey Harrison, defeatedd Tescumseh’s confederacy, weakening Native Amerian Resistance

war of 1812

Conflict (1812-1815) between the U.S. and Great britain over issues including impressment and Native American Conflicts in the West

“Old Ironsides”

the nuckname for the USS constitution, a US Navy frigate famous for its victories over British warshops during the war of 1812, earning the name because cannonballs seemed to bounce off its sturdy oak hull

Battle of New Orleans

Decisive American Victory in January 1815, led by Andrew Jackson, over British; fought after the peace treaty was signed but before the news reached the US

Treaty of Ghent

the peace treaty, signed in December 1814, that ended the War of 1812, essentially restoring pre-war borders without addressing the original causes of the war

Rush-Bagot-Agreement

1817 agreement between the US and Great Britain that Severely limited naval araments on the great lakes, leading to the eventual demilitarization of the US-Canada border

Tariff of 1816

The first US Tariff passed primarily to protect American industries from foreign, particularly British, competition following the War of 1812

Clay’s American system

a plan proposed by Henry Clay to promote American economic growth through

1. a strong national bank

2. protective tariffs

   1. federally funded internal improvements

“Loose Construction”

the belief that the federal government can take actions not specifically mentioned in the constitution as long as they are necessary and proper to carry out its powers

“strict construction”

the belief that the federal government can only take actions specifically granted to it by the constitution

era of good feelings

the period following the war of 1812(abt 1815-1825), marked by a sense of national unity and a single dominant political party(the democratic-republicans)

McMulloch vs. Maryland

1819 supreme court case that confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of US and reinforced the supremacy of federal law over state law

Panic of 1819

the first majow financial crisis in the US marked by deflation, bank failures, and high unemployment, endin gthe Era of Good Feelings

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed amendment to the bill admitting Missouri as a state, which would have banned further introduction of slaces into missouri and gradually freed acisting slaves; failed but sparked the Missouri compromise debate

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and banned slavery in the rest o the Louisiana purchase north of the 36 degree 30′ parallel

Florida purchase Treaty (adam onis Treaty)

1819 treaty in which spain ceded Florida to the US and the US agreed to a clear border between the louisiana purchase and the spanish territories in the west

Monroe Doctrine

1823 US foreign policy declaration stating that European powers should not interfere with or colonize nations in the Western Hamisphere

McCormick reaper

Machine incested by Cyrus McCormick in the 1830s that mechanized the harvesting of grain, greatly increasing agricultural productivity

Lowell system

a factory production model, primarily in textile mills in massachusetts that employed young, single women from farm families who lived in supervised boarding houses

Market revolution

the dramatic change in how Americans made, bought, and sold goods in the early 1800s, driven by new inventions, transportation improvements, and ashift from subsistence farming to commercial enterprise

Navitism

an anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic political movement in the US that favored native-born inhabitants over immigrants

know nothing party (american party)

mid 19th century political party driven by nativist sentiment, opposing immigration and catholic influence

cotton gin

machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that quicklt separated cotton fibers from seeds, making cotton profitable and unfortinately leadin gto a massive expansion of slavery

cumberland road

also known as the national road, the first major improved highway in the US built by the federal government, stretching from maryland eventually to illinois

Erie canal

major canal completed in 1825 that connected the great lakes to the hudson river and new york city, dramatically lowering shipping costs and boosting New York’s economy

Clipper ships

sleek, fast sailing shops of the mid 19th century, designed for speed to carry high-value goods over long distances

The Alamo

a mission fortress in San Antonio, Texas, where a small group of Texan Defenders were beseiged and kiled by Mexican forces in 1836; a key symbol of the Texan struggle for independence

Common man

the term used to describe the “average” American citizen—the non-wealthy farmer, laborer, and fontiersman—whos political influence increased dramatically during the Jacksonian Era

Nullification

A constitutional theory, most famously advanced by John C. Calhoun, that a state has the right to declare a federal law voice and not binding within its borders

Spoils system

The practice of rewarding political supporters and loyal party members with public office after and election victory

Anti-Masonic Party

the first third party in American history; it emerged in the late 1820s to oppose the perceived secrecy and elitism of the masonic order

twelfth Amendment

constitutional amendment (1804) that requires electors to cast separate votes for the president and vice president, resolving problems from the election of 1800

corrupt bargain

the charge made by andrew jackson’s supporters following the election of 1824, alledging that Henry Clay Ensured John Quincy Adams’ victory in the House of Representatives in the exchange for being appointed secretary of state

Tariff of Abominations

the name given by southern critics to the highly protective Tariff of 1828, which they believed unfairly favored Northern industry and hurt the southern economy

Tariff of 1832

a reduced tariff that failed to satisfy southerners, leading to south carolina to attemt to nullify it

Tariff of 1833

a compromise tariff, primarily engineerd by Henry Clay, that gradually lowered the rates of the 1832 tariff, helping to reolve the nullification crisis

Seminole Wars

a series of three conflicts(1816-1858) between the US army and the Seminole Native Americans in Florida over the forced removal of the tribe from their lands

Indian removal act

1830 law signed by president Jackson authorizing the forced relocation of native american tribes eat of the mississippi river to lands west of the river

Trail of tears

the forced migration of the Cherokee and other Native American tribes From their ancestral lands in the southeast to designated areas in present-day oklahoma in the 1830s, resulting in thousands of deaths

Panic of 1837

A severe financial crisis and subsequent five-year depression that began shortly after Martin Van Buren took office, partially caused by Jackson’s economic policies, especially the destruction of the Bank of the US

Force Bill

1833 law passed by congress, at president Jackson’s request, authorizing the president to use the US military to enforce federal laws, specifically in response to South Carolina’s nullification of the Tariffs

Bank of the US (re-chartering of)

the political struggle during jackson’s presidency over whether to renew the charter of the Second Bank of the US; Jackson vetoes the re-charter, leading to the Bank’s demise

Kitchen Cabinet

An informal group of trusted advisors to president Andrew Jackson who often met in the White House kitchen, separate from the formal cabinet

Second great Awakening

a widespread religious revival movement in the US during the early 1800s, characterized by emotional, energetic preaching and a belief that individuals could achieve salvation and reform society

American Temperance Society

A major reform organization founded in 1826 that promoted the reduction of complete Abstinence from alcoholic beverages

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting in New York, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, that marked the formal beginnin gof the women’s rights moement; it issued a Declaration of Sentiments

Shakers

A religious communal sect founded in the 1770s, known for their celibacy, communal property, simple livings, and ecstatic worship dances

Hudson River School

mid 19th century American Art movement that focused on painting majestic and dramatic landscapes, celebrating the American Wilderness

Romanticism

an artistic and intellectual movement of the early 19th century emphasizing emotion, intuition, imagination, and the grandeur of nature over rationalism and order

Transcendentalism

an American Literary and philosophical movement (mid 1800s) that stressed the inherent goodness of people and nature, and the importance of individual self-reliance and intuition (key figures: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau)

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints (the mormons) in the 1830s

Brigham Young

Successor to Joseph Smith who led the Mormons’ migration to the Utah territory in 1846-1847

Horace Mann

Prominent education reformer of the early 1800s, often called the “Father of the Common School Movement,” who advocated for publicly funded, compulsory education for all children

Noah Webster

American lexicographer famous for his efforts to standardize American English spelling and usage, most notably through his dictionary (An American Dictionary of the English Language)

Horace Greeley

An influential editor of the New-York Tribune who used his paper to advocate for various reforms, including abolitionism and westward expansion (“Go West, young man”)

Dorthea Dix

Humanitarian reformer who advocated for better treatment and public care for the mentally ill, leading to the establishment of state-supported mental hospitals

Lucretia Mott

Quaker abolitionist and women’s rights activist who helped organize the Seneca Falls Conventions

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leading figure of the early women’s rights movenent; co-organized the Seneca Falls convention and was the primary author of the Declaration of Sentiments

Susan B. Anthony

Pivotal leader of the women’s suffrage movement who tirelessly advocated for the right to vote.

Nat Turner’s rebellion

an 1831 slave rebellion led by Nat turner in Southampton county, Virginia, resulting in the deaths of approximately 60 white people; led to harsher slave codes across the south

The Amistad

a spanish ship whose enslaved african captives revolted in 1839; the resulting court case went to the supreme court, which ruled the africans were illegally kidnapped and should be freed

American colonization society

organization founded in 1817 that advocated for the gradual emancipation of slaces and their relocation to Africa, resulting in the founding of the colony of Liberia.

The Liberator

Highly influential and compromising abolitionist newspaper started by William Lloyed Garrison in 1831

American Anti-slavery society

Major abolitionist organization founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others, dedicated to immediate and compensated emancipation

Narrative of the Life of Fredrick douglas

Powerful autobiography published in 1845 by the formerly enslaved Frederick Douglas, detailing hte brutality of slavery and his journey to freedom

Mason-Dixon line

A surveryed boundary line in the 1760s that historically separated the northern(free) and the southern (slave states (the border between Pennsylvania and Maryland/delaware)

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist and the editor of The Liberator, advocating for immediate emanicpation without compensation to slaveholders

Sojourner Truth

Formerly enslaved woman, abolitionist, and women’s rights advocate famous for her powerful public speaking, including her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech

Frederick douglas

one of the most prominent abolitionists and civil rights advocates’ a formerly enslaved man who became a powerful orator and writer

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Abolitionist newspaper editor who was murdered by a pro-slavery mob in Illinois in 1837, making his a martyr for the anti-slavery cause

Harriet beecher stowe

Author of the influential anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), which significantly fueled the abolitionist movement.