girl im going to fail

Integumentary system functions

Forms a protective barrier, starts vitamin D production, sensory, and thermoregulation

Epidermis

Outermost layer which is keratinized stratified squamous ET

Keratinocytes

most abundant cells of the epidermis, produces the protective protein Keratin, which is found in skin, hair, and nails

Melanocytes

Produces the brown pigment melanin

Melanin is transferred to what

Keratinocytes

What does Keratinocytes make

A cap of melanin

What does the cap of melanin do?

It protects the “sunny side” of the nucleus to protect it from the effects of ultra violet light

Thymine Dimers

One of the leading causes of skin cancer

UV lights

What causes elastin fibers to clump, producing leathery skin and reduces folate.

Dendritic cells

phagocytes of the immune system that ingests foreign substances

Merkel cells + sensory nerve endings

What makes Merkel discs (touch receptor)

Thick skin

on palms of hands and soles of feet that has all five skin layers

Basal surface of the Epithelial cell to the underlying tissue

What does the basement membrane bind?

Stratum Basale

Contains mitotically active cells that are actively dividing. It has Cuboidal cells with basement membranes. Keratinocytes and melanocytes are produced are produced in the layer. It has Merkel cells and is in the deepest layer of the epidermis

Stratum Spinosum

Has many layers of keratinocytes (about 10-30 cells thick) it is the second from the deepest layer of the epidermis

Stratum Granulosum

3-5 layers and is the 3rd deepest layer of the epidermis. It has a granular appearance from the Keratin. Cells begin to die and flatten.

Stratum lucidum

A very thin and translucent layer, it is only in thick skin thats only found in the palms and soles

Stratum Corneum

Up to 10-30 layers in some areas. It is very thick and protective. It produces dandruff and calluses.

Vernix caseosa

A layer of sebaceous secretions that protects the fetal skin from the amniotic fluid.

Papillary layer

only 20% of the thickness of the dermis.D

Dermal Papillae

Upward, wavy, finger like projections of dermis into the epidermis

Dermal ridges

Thick mounds of the dermis forcing the epidermis up. It makes finger prints and contains Capillaries plus free nerve endings (for pain)

Meissner’s Corpuscles

Tactile corpuscles

Reticular layer

deepest and thickest of the dermis

Striae

Stretch marks due to torn collagen fibers in the dermis. Tattoos much reach this layer or it will get lost with the epithelial cells

Leather and suede

produced from the reticular layer in cattle

lamellar corpuscles

Senses vibration and deep pressure

Arrector pili muscle

Base of the hair shaft. It makes hairs stand up

Eccrine sudoriferous gland

Sweat glands that have evaporative cooling

Apocrine Sudoriferous gland

Base of axillary and pubic hair follicles that activate at puberty

Sebaceous gland

produces sebum oil that waterprooofs

sensory nerve fibers

nerve impulses send sensations of hear and pain to the brain

Motor nerve fibers

from CNS to effectoers

Free nerve endings

Nerve impulses send pain sensations of pain to the brain

Hypodermis

Composed of adipose CT and is deep to the integument but not part of it

MElanin

Gives brown color to skin

Hemoglobin

gives a red/pink color to skin

Carotene

Gives a yellow orange color to skin

Cyanosis

A bluish color of the skin due to reduced oxygen content

Erythema

a reddening of the skin due to Vasodilation of small vessels in the skin

Pallor

The skin becomes more pale due to a reduction in blood flow

Jaundice

A yellow skin tone indicating an increase in bilirubin (yellowish product from hemoglobin breakdown) which is normally removed by the liver. It indicates liver problems

Bronzing

A bronze coloring of the skin as seen in a deficiency in the hormone cortisol (Addisons disease)

Albinism

A lack of pigment in the skin due to a mutation in one of the genes that codes for the albino acid precursor to melanin

Hematoma

blue/black marks due to blood hemorrphage under the skin

Hemangiomas

Strawberry marks that are benign tumors of blood vessels

Freckles

Flat melanized patches

Nevi

moles that are elevated melanized patches

Meissner’s corpuscles

In the dermal papillae, tactile receptors for light touch and texture

free nerve endings

For warm, cold, and nociceptors for pain

Merkle discs

in the base of the epidermis, tactile receptors are for light touch, textures, shapes, and edges

Pacinian corpuscles

In the dermis for deep pressure, stretch, tickle, and vibration. It is also found in the pancreas, genitals, and breast

ruffini corpuscles

in the dermis for deep pressure, stretching of skin, and joint movement

Hypodermis

subcutaneous fat and is the third layer of the skin

Eccrine sudoriferous glands

Most in dermis for evaporative cooling

Diaphoresis

excessive sweating seen in various diseases

Apocrine sudoriferous glands

In axilla, groin, areolar, anal, and bearded region of adult males

Ceruminous glands

Modified apocrine glands

Cerumen

Ear wax to waterproof the ear and may discourage insects. It is produced in the external auditory canal

Mammary glands

Glands which produce milk for infants

Pimples

inflames sebaceous glands due to bacterial infection

Lanugo

on the fetus and is replaced by vellus

vellus

very fine on babies and females

Terminal

Course, scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary, and pubic

Hirstuism

Abnormal hair growth

Aloopecia

loss of hair

First degree burns

involves only the epidermis

Second degree burns

Reaches the dermis

Third degree burns

Reaches the hypodermis

Decubitus ulcer

bed sores caused by ischemic necrosis

Ischemia

loss of blood flow

Necrosis

Tissue death

Ischemic necrosis

tissue death due to loss of blood supply

Heat exhaustion

nausea, weakness, dizziness, headache, reduced bp

Heat stroke

Same as heat exhaustion but not sweating so the temp keeps rising

Psoriasis

Chronic, increased mitosis and keratin. Has silvery scales

Eczema

acute inflammation from allergies, infections, and drugs

Imipetigo

Skin bacterial infection especially seen in children

Molluscum contagiosum

Common self limiting viral disease caused by a poxvirus

Vitiligo

patchy loss of pigment (loss of melanocytes)

Nevus

Dysplastic nevi are usually bigger, numerous, and associated with malignant melanoma

Urticaria

hives caused by mast cell ddegranulation

Warts

caused by papillomaviruses that self limit and regress spontaneously

Human papilloma virus (hpv)

STD causing venereal warts and 99& of cervical carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

From the stratum basale to the dermis. It is the most frequent skin cancer and is cured with surgery. Little metastasis and is especially seen in areas exposed to sun

Squamous cell carcinoma

from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum. Also in areas exposed to the sun. Metastasis is uncommon but can happen if left untreated.

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

genetic condition giving patient an increased susceptibility to Squamous cell carcinoma

Malignant melanoma

From melanocytes in Moles. It is highly metastatic and early treatment leads in a good prognosis. suspected moles may change color, shape, color, and texture

Kaposi sacroma

benign vascular proliferation. Aggressive form is often seen in AIDS patients

Long

Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals

Short

tarsals and carpals

flat

ilium, sternum, scapula, flat bones of the skull, and ribs

Sesamoid

forms within tendons, patella, and the base of the first metacarpal and metatarsal

Wormian

in the suture system of the skull

Irregular

sphenoid, vertebrae, os coxa

Functions of bones

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hemopoiesis (production of blood cells

Compact bone

outer layer of dense boneS

Spongy bone

inner network of needle like supporting struts

Trabeculae

individual needle like, supporting struts of cancellous bone

dIAPHYSIS

Shaft of a long bone, walls are compact bone