Biology Southeastern ch 3

what are the 6 main elements of life

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and Sulfer CHONPS

what is special about carbons

carbons can form four bonds at one time

what are hydrocarbons

only carbon and hydrogen (hydrates carbons)

what are functional groups

a specific molecular group that maintains the same function no matter what

what are the four macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipis

what assembles marcomolecules

dehydration reaction

what is a dehydration reaction

the connection of monomers to make polymers by removing an H20 molecule

what breaks down polymers

hydration reaction

what is hydration reaction

the breaking down of polymers into monomers by adding a H20 molecule

what elements are in carbohydrates

CHO, Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

why are carbohydrates good for energy storage

C-H Bonds hold a lot of energy

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

what is the polymer of carbohydrates

polysaccharides

what are monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrate/ sugar

what is special about a 5 carbon sugar

they are used in nucleic acids (nucleotides specifically)

what is the Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen Ratio in carbohydrates

1:2:1

Disaccharides  

two monosaccharides linked together

what is an example of a dissacharide

sucrose

what are polysaccharides

long linking chains of monosaccharides,

what energy polysaccharide is found in plants

starch

what energy polysaccharide are found in animals

glycogen

what structural polysaccharide is found in plants

cellulose

what structural polysaccharide is found in animals

chitin

what is chitin used for

arthropods (hard shell thing) and fungi exoskeleton

alpha structure

storing energy humans can eat

beta structure

structural humans cannot digest

what elements are found in nucleic acids

CHONP Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus   

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

necleotides

what are the 3 parts of nucleic acids

Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base

what is the polymer of nucleic acids

nucleic acids

what is a phosphate group

PO4

in the 5 carbon sugar where you identify if there is ribose or deoxyribose

bottom right corner of pentagon

If there is an OH in the right corner of the 5 carbon sugar what is it

Rna Ribose

If there is an H in the right corner of the 5 carbon sugar what is it

DNA deoxyribose

what are in nitrogenous bases

purines and pyrimidines

what is found in purines

adenine and guanine

what is found in pyrimidines

thymine, cytosine, and uracil

what are nucleotides connected by

phosphodiester bond

what is a phosphodiester bond

links nucleotides it happens between sugars and phosphate

what are the characteristics of DNA

double helix, and linked by hydrogen bonds

what is Adenosine Triphosphate 

ATP- the energy currency of the cell

what elements are found in protein

CHON Carbon, hydrogen, oxogen, and nitrogen 

what are the functions of protein

enzyme catalysts, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage

what are the monomers of proteins

amino acids

what are the polymers of protein

polypeptides

what are amino acids linked by 

peptide bonds

what are the components of amino acid structure

Central Carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, r group

what forms peptide bonds

dehydration reactions

what is the peptide bond formed between 

the animo group and the carboxyl group 

what are the four levels protiens

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

what is primary structure

chain or amino acids linked by covalent bonds (hydrogen bonds)

what is secondary structure

the folding of amino acids (alpha and beta)

alpha helix

coiled spring shape

beta helix

folded pleated strands

what is tertiary structure

the ready protein, hydrophobic exclusion, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds hold the proteins shape

what is quaternary structure

more than two polypeptide chains linked

what are motifs

classifying systems

what are domains

larger scales of what something does

what do chaperone proteins do

help proteins fold correctly

what is denaturation

proteins unfolding

what causes denaturation

ph, temperature, and ionic concentration

what elements are in carbohydrates

CHO carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

are lipids soluble in water

no they are insoluble

what causes lipids to be hydrophobic

the C-H bonds

what are two types of fats

triglycerides and phosopholipids

what is the content of triglyceride

one glycerol and three fatty acids

do the fatty acids in triglycerides have to be identical

no

how much energy to triglyceride

lots because of the C-C bonds

what kind of fatty acid tails are there

saturated and unsaturated

saturated fats are___ of hydrogen

full

saturated fats are ___ at room temp

solid

saturated fats have___ melting points

higher

saturated fats are the origin of

animal

unsaturated fats have___ of hydrogen

gaps

unsaturated fats are___ at room temp

liquids

unsaturated fats have a____ melting point

lower

unsaturated fats are the origin of

plants

what are phospholipids composed of 

glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

what is the head of glycerol

polar

what are the tails of the fatty acids

non polar

the phospholipids are

a phospholipid bilayer

the heads are

hydrophillic

the tails are

hydrophobic