Review Module 2: Medical and Digestive Systems

Comprehensive practice vocabulary flashcards covering urinary system functions, digestive tract anatomy, and diagnostic procedures based on the Review Module 2 transcript.

Glucose in urine

A finding in a urine test that may indicate an undiagnosed diabetic patient.

Cloudy urine specimen

A characteristic of freshly voided urine that may indicate infection or the presence of sediment.

Polyuria causes

Can be caused by diabetes mellitus, excessive fluid intake, or the use of diuretics.

Normal adult daily urine excretion (range)

$$750-2000\,mL$$

Normal adult daily urine excretion (average)

About $1,500\,mL$

IVP allergy precaution

Check to see if the patient is allergic to iodine before performing the test.

Mammography

A diagnostic tool used to detect breast cancer, breast masses or lumps, calcifications, and early changes in breast tissue.

Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)

A radiograph of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

Wilhelm Röntgen

The individual who discovered X-rays.

Testicular cancer signs

Includes a lump or swelling in one testicle, heaviness in the scrotum, pain or discomfort, and a dull ache in the groin or lower abdomen.

TSE

Testicular Self-Examination.

TSE frequency

Should be performed monthly, preferably after a warm bath or shower.

Testicular cancer age group

Most commonly found in adolescents and young adults aged $15-35$ years old.

Testicular cancer risk factors

Includes a family history of testicular cancer and cancer of the other testicle.

PSA

Prostate Specific Antigen.

Factors increasing PSA

Vigorous exercise is known to cause levels to increase.

Normal range of PSA test

$$0-4\,ng/mL$$

Gastrointestinal tract

Another name for the digestive tract.

Accessory organs of the digestive system

Includes the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

Components of the digestive tract

Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine.

Rugae

Folds in the stomach lining.

Stomach emptying time

It normally takes $4-6\,\text{hours}$ after eating a meal.

Secondary teeth count

The total number of secondary teeth in humans is $32$.

Tongue functions

Assisting in swallowing, speaking, and tasting food.

Saliva functions

Includes cleansing the teeth, moistening food, and helping in swallowing.

Gallbladder functions

Responsible for storing and concentrating bile to aid in digestion.

Peristalsis

The wave-like movement that pushes food through the digestive tract.

Mastication

The process of chewing food.

Esophagus

A muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach.

Chyme

The semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juices found in the stomach.

Bile salts

Substances that emulsify fats for digestion and absorption.

Hepatocytes

Main functional cells of the liver responsible for metabolism, detoxification, and bile production.

Function of Large Intestines

The elimination of waste products.

Sigmoid colon

The S-shaped portion of the large intestine connecting the descending colon to the rectum.

Appendix location

Attached to the cecum in the lower right abdomen.

Urinary system functions

Removes metabolic wastes, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, regulates blood pressure, and maintains acid-base balance.

Micturition

The medical term for expelling urine.

Common causes of blood in stool

Hemorrhoids, gastrointestinal ulcers, colon cancer, and anal fissures.

Male Urethra

A structure that transports both urine and semen.

Internal and external sphincters

Muscles responsible for the control of urination.

Urinary system components

Includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Ureter function

Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Ureter muscular layer

The specific layer of the ureter that exhibits peristalsis.

Occult blood

Hidden or microscopic blood in stool that is not visible to the naked eye.

Sims position

Most commonly used for rectal examinations, administering enemas, and sigmoid colonoscopy.

Prostate gland function

Secreting fluid that transports sperm.

Colonoscopy

A procedure to view the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, plus the rectum.

Melena

Black, tarry stool caused by the presence of digested blood.

Guaiac slide test

A test designed to detect hidden (occult) blood in the stool.