Wk 10 Clin Path: Immunology

What are the two dif-

ferent types of inter-

nal defense systems?

Innate immune system and Acquired Immune System

What are antigens?

Any substance that are capable of generating a response from the immune

What are some physi-

cal and chemical bar-

riers of the Innate im-

mune system?

Skin

Physical/chemical components of the nasopharynx, gut, lungs, and GI tract

Commensal bacteria that compete with invading pathogens

What is the Inflammatory response?

Chemicals are released from the infected

site to allow neutrophils to pass into the tissue and phagocytize bacteria. + kill

pathogens.

What are some common signs of inflammation?

Pain, heat, redness,

swelling, and loss of function

What are some cells involved with inflammation?

Neutrophils: Phagocytosis

of antigens in tissue spaces

Monocytes: Follow neutrophils, ingest and destroy antigens

Macrophages: Derived from tissue, engulf and eat foreign substances.

What is Opsonization?

Binding of complement to antigens

What is the adaptive immune system?

More sophisticated

Humoral and cell-mediated components

respond specifically to foreign substances

What are some possible antigens?

Bacteria, fungal, viral, and altered cells

What are lymphocytes?

WBC

largely responsible for adaptive immune system

What two possible cells to lymphocytes turn into?

B-lymphocytes or T-Lymphocytes

Where are B-Lymphocytes from?

Bone marrow

Where are T-lymphocytes from?

thymus

What do B-lymphocytes produce?

immunoglobulins (Antibodies)

What is the maturation process of B-lymphocytes?

Mature cells leave the

bone marrow and enter the spleen or lymph nodes. Each B-cell develops a specific

receptor for a specific antigen.

What are the five different types of Immunoglobulins?:

IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD

What are IgM?:

First produced in response

What are IgG?

Most abundant one,

longest in circulation, and

also the smallest

What is IgE?

Very small amounts, simi-

lar structure to IgG

What are IgA?

Around 20% of all circulat-

ing antibodies

What are IgD?

A monomer, very low

amounts

What is another name for

immunoglobulins?

antibodies

what happens to an antigen once an antibody binds to it

can no longer infect any cells

(neutralization reaction)

What is involved with the Cell-mediated

immune system?

T-lymphocytes

What are T-lymphocytes?

Similar to B-cells

Develop specific receptors to specific

antigens and become immunocompe-

tent/antigen-committed T-cells

What are some type of T-cells?

Memory t-cells, Cytologic T-cells, and

helper t-cells

What are memory T-cells?

Recognize antigens to which they have

previously been exposed too

What are Cytolytic T-cells?

Recognize antigen particles that are on

the surface of infected body cells and can

break down (lysis) and kill infected cells.

What are Helper t-cells?

Recognize phagocytized antigens as an

presenting cell (APC).

What does APC do?

displays a portion of the antigen on the

surface to helper T-cells which release

cytokines to help phagocytize the mi-

crobe.

What is immunologic tolerance?

ability to discriminate between self and

not self tissue

What is passive immunity?

Maternal antibodies in colostrum

short lived but immediate

What is active immunity?

Animal becomes resistant by either hav-

ing the disease and developing antibod-

ies or by immunization

What is Attenuated?

antigen injection is weak but still alive

last longer and more potent response

What is inactivated?

antigen injection of killed antigen. Is

much safer

What is the purpose of an Adjuvant?

Added to enhance immune repsonse

What is Sensitivity?

Ability to correctly identify all animals that

are truly positive for a given reaction

What is Specificity?

Measures the number of false positives

produced with a given reaction proce-

dure

Is it possible for a test to be 100% sensi-

tive and specific?

no

What do almost all serologic tests re-

quire?

Serum or plasma

What should you not send to a reference

lab?

Whole blood

What tops should you use for serum and plasma?

Serum= Red

Plasma= lavender

How do you handle serum?

Clot for 20-30 mins at room temp

centrifuge at 10 minutes at 1500 rpm.

How do you handle Plasma?

Centrifuge immediately after collection

What are some tests for humoral immu-

nity?

ELISA, CELISA, Lateral flow immunoas-

say, Latex agglutination

What is the difference between humoral

and Cell-mediated immunity?

Humoral= use of B-cells

Cell-mediated= T-cells

What is the ELISA test?

Most commonly used

An accurate way to detect specific anti-

gens

tests for antibodies in serum

What is CELISA test?

Common in equine infectious anemia

uses patient antigens

What is latex aggulination?

Uses small spherical latex particles coat-

ed with antigen suspended in water

What happens if the serum is containing

the right antibody in a latex aggulination

test?

will clot/clump

What is the Lateral flow immunoassay

test?

Also called Rapid Immunomigration,

uses colloidal gold, enzymes, and color

reagents latex particles.

Positive tests show two sides of color

What are Blood group antigens?

RBC antigens on surface and react with

antibodies in plasma of other animals

What are Alloantibodies?

Naturally occuring antibodies

What are blood banks?

increase availability of blood compo-

nents

Helpful in emergency care settings

How many blood groups are in canines?

Dozen

What does DEA stand for?

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen

What are the major dog blood groups?

DEA 1, DEA 3, DEA 4, DEA 5, DEA 7

Transfusions -dogs

Greatest clinical significance is DEA 1

causes the most antigen responses and

reactions

What happens if you give a dea 1- dog

dea1+?

First time may not result in immediate

reaction, but could cause reactions later,

but given two times, severe reactions can

occur in less than a hour

What are the blood groups of cats?

A, B, AB

What groups have the least amount in

cats?

AB

The majority of u.s cats have type A

blood

Type B cats

have strong anti-A-antibodies

Type A cats

have weak anti-B antibodies

What is Neonatal Isoerythrolysis?

type a+AB kittens of a type B queen

body attacks good rbcs

What happens in type 1 hypersensitivity?

chemical mediators released, allergies,

anaphalytic shock, IgE antibodies form

in response to antigens, inflammation,

smooth muscle contractions.

What happens in type 2 hypersensitivity?

Causes IMHA and IMT

What is IMHA?

immune mediated hemolytic anemia

destruction of rbcs

What is IMT?

immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

platelet destruction

What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity?

antibodies and antigens form complexes

that deposit in blood vessels

What happens in type 4 hypersensitivity?

T-cell-mediated disease is caused by

the reaction of T-lymphocytes against

self-antigens in tissues.

Type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis,

and tuberculosis

What is a lymphoma?

Type of tumor uncontrolled proliferation

of lymphocytes is a immune disorder