Exam 1 week 1-4 (joints and muscles)

Action potential

Rapid and short lived propagated along axons

neuron and the parts that make up a nerve cell

cell body, axon, dendrite, synapse, nodes of Ranvier, myelin sheath

nerve cells v other cells

Nerves have a nucleolus and organelles, but don’t repair well and can be very large

synapse function

the synapse is the space between axon and dendrite, this is the space where neurotransmitters are released

physiology of lidocaine

alters depolarization by blocking the fast gated sodium channels

neurons based on neurite number, function, and length.

unipolar, bipolar, pseudo bipolar, multipolar. Golgi type 1 (long axon, cerebral; cortex —> spinal cord ) Golgi type 2 (short, cerebellum) Sensory (afferent) motor (efferent) interneurons

Components and function of CNS

brain and spinal cord- thinking and reflexes

Components and functions of PNS

cranial nerves, spinal nerves- no thinking no reflexes

Components and functions of the ANS

integrates activities of visceral structures (smooth, cardiac muscle, glands) has both CNS and PNS components

White v grey matter

Nerve bodies (grey) axons (white)

Basic functions of nervous system

movement (initiate and regulate) regulate secretions, gather and process information, maintain consciousness, stimulate thirst hunger fear rage and sexual behaviors

Encephalon

the brain of a vertebrae

Telencephalon

cerebral hemispheres & cortex, basal nuclei, Rhinencephalon, encloses lateral ventricles, and rostral third ventricle

Diencephalon

Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

Mesencephalon

cerebral peduncles (brain stem)

Metencephalon

cerebellum(dorsally) , pons ventrally)

Myelencephalon

Medulla oblongata- autonomic centers and nuclei for cranial nerves

CNS ventricles

lateral 3, 4. cerebral aqueduct, interventricular foramen

Components of spinal cord

Dorsal root(sensory) , ventral root(motor) , grey matter, white matter, Dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter

IVDD in dogs

Intervertebral disk disease- pain without injury or loss of movement

Meninges

pia mater (deep), arachnoid (mid) (dura outer) spinal fluid is sub arachnoid

epidural space

dura matter

General sensory receptors

Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptor

Sympathetic NS

fight flight or freeze

Parasympathetic NS

Rest and digest

neurotransmitters

made in neuron, released in synapse, specific mechanism of inactivation

Neurotransmitter inhibiter

take the space/ bind to neurotransmitter, cant function

Reflex

stimulus activates, process, activate motor neuron, response to peripheral effector

Cranial Nerves

1-olfactory-smell

2-optic- sight

3-Oculomotor- eyeball and eyelid movement

4-trochlear- eye movement

5-trigeminal- facial sensation and chewing

6-abducens-eye movement

7-Facial- expression and taste

8-vetibulocochlear- equilibrium and hearing

9- glossopharyngeal- swallowing, taste, saliva

10- Vagus- smooth muscle in throat lungs, hearts, GI

11- Accessory- movement of neck shoulder

12-hypoglossal- movement of tongue, swallowing, and speech

The functions of the integumentary system:

Physical protection, temperature regulation, dehydration prevention, sensory information, metabolic actions, excretion of waste, immune system

Components of epidermis:

Epithelial cells( stratum: corium, granulosum, spinous, Basle) Melanocytes(skin color), Langerhans(modified macrophages) , Merkel Cell (root hair)

Components of the dermis:

Papillary, Reticular (dense connective, blood, nerves, glands)

Function of hair

insulation, protection, sensory

Homeostasis

basic percentage of body composition (organs)

Carcass yield given live and hot carcass weight

major elemental components of

major elemental components of protiens

major elemental components of carbohydrates

major elemental components of fats

what body system/organs change the most with age

majority of total body weight is

water (70%)

distribution intracellular v extra cellular water

electrolyte, cation v anion

balance of cation v anions inside and outside the cell

Inside of cell is typically more negative

process ions move through cell wall

hypertrophy

hyperplasia

aplasia

atresia

hypoplasia

endocytosis

exocytosis

pinocytosis

cell ingestion-small amounts (liquids)

phagosctosis

cell ingestion- large particles (solids)

lysosomes (why needed or used in macrophages)

ionic bond

covalent bond

polar covalent bond

hydrogen bond

water and thermoregulation

What is protein made of

protein building blocks

peptide bond

amino acids

essential amino acids

Limiting amino acids

9 essential amino acids in humans

essential amino acids in ruminants

fermentation in ruminants

The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria- occurs in rumen. Creates heat, VFA, gas, more bugs

fermentation in hindgut fermenters

polypeptides

hydrdophobic

hydrophillic

simple proteins

conjugated proteins

structural proteins

reactive proteins

lipid

fatty acids

saturated v unsaturated fats

saturated- each carbon has 4 single bonds unsaturated- there are less than 4 single bonds

cholesterol in cell wall

protein in cell wall

passive absorbtion

active absorbtion

electrochemical absorption

diffusion

osmosis

the passive transfer of H2o across a semi permeable membrane

concentration gradient

electrical gradient

facilitated diffusion

can move freely across membranes

hypertonic

isotonic

hypotonic

osmotic pressure

DNA

nucleotide pairs (DNA)

chromosome

gene