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Rurikids
Noble descendants of Rurik, first Novgorod prince.
Alexander Nevsky
Prince of Novgorod, defeated Swedes in 1240.
Battle of Neva River
Victory for Eastern Orthodox against Roman Catholic forces.
Mongol Invasion
Mongols conquered Russia in 1240, causing devastation.
Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal
Title held by Alexander, granting absolute power.
Mongol Yoke
Period of Mongol control over Russian principalities.
Golden Horde Khanate
Mongol state ruling Russia, led by Batu.
Sarai
Capital of the Golden Horde Khanate.
Kowtow
Submission ritual by princes to Mongols at Sarai.
Tax Collection
Princes collected taxes for Mongols to maintain rule.
Military Contributions
Princes provided soldiers and specialists to Mongols.
Ivan I Kalita
Increased Moscow's power, became Grand Prince.
Moscow's Growth
Insulated location with fertile soil and trade opportunities.
Daniel of Moscow
First prince of Moscow, inherited land from Alexander.
Ivan III the Great
Expanded Moscow, freed Russia from Mongol rule.
Third Rome
Moscow's title during Ivan III's reign, center of Christianity.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Religious identity strengthened during Rurikid rule.
Mongol Impact
Stunted liberal developments, established absolute monarchy.
No Primogeniture
Peaceful transition of power among Moscow rulers.
Ivan IV
Last Rurikid Tsar, known as Ivan the Terrible.
Mongol Campaigns
Military actions that established Mongol dominance in Russia.
Furs
Key export commodity for Moscow's trade economy.
Military Glory
Achievements against western Christians under Ivan I.
Metropolitan Peter
Leader of Russian Orthodox church, allied with Ivan I.
Batu Khan
Mongol leader who established control over Russia.
Moscow's Insignificance
Initially small city with potential for growth.
Mongol Rule
Period characterized by lack of freedom and democracy.
Rurik Dynasty
Royal lineage producing all significant Russian princes.
Ivan III
Grand Prince of Moscow from 1462 to 1505.
Moscow Expansion
Conquered Novgorod, expanded to Urals.
Holy War
Military campaigns to spread influence and trade.
Novgorod
Last republic conquered by Ivan III.
Mongol Yoke
Period of Mongol dominance over Russia.
Battle of Ugra River
1480 battle ending Mongol rule in Russia.
Tsar
Title for emperor; sovereign of all Russians.
Byzantine Empire Connection
Ivan III linked Moscow to Rome and Byzantium.
The Third Rome
Moscow's title as last Christian capital.
Oprichnina
Secret police enforcing Tsar's will under Ivan IV.
Serfdom
Peasants tied to land, unable to leave.
Ivan IV
Tsar known for intelligence and atrocities.
Boyar
Highest rank in feudal Russia.
Feudalism
Pyramid of power based on nobility ranks.
Wars of the Roses
Civil war between York and Lancaster houses.
House of Lancaster
Established by Henry IV, participants in Wars.
House of York
Established by Edward IV, rival in Wars.
The Anarchy
Civil war weakening feudalism in England.
Magna Carta
Document limiting king's power, signed by King John.
Richard III
Duke of York, led rebellion against Henry VI.
King's Duties
Maintain peace, defend kingdom, expand territory.
Noble Oaths
Nobles swear loyalty to the king.
Peasant Protection
Higher classes protect lower classes in feudalism.
Ivan IV's Expansion
Conquered khanates, expanded Russia to Siberia.
Ivan IV's Atrocities
Known for committing severe acts of violence.
Economic Motivation
Fur trade drove Ivan IV's eastern expansion.
Lancaster
Royal house opposing York during Wars.
York
Royal house led by Edward IV.
Richard Duke of York
Initiated rebellion against Lancaster rule.
Edward IV
York king who established House of York.
Battle of Sandal
1460 battle where Richard Duke of York died.
Battle of Towton
Decisive 1461 victory for Edward IV.
Henry VI
Lancaster king, ineffective ruler during wars.
Queen Margaret
Henry VI's wife, influential in Lancaster rule.
Richard Earl of Warwick
Powerful noble, key figure in Wars.
Elizabeth Woodville
Edward IV's commoner wife, united houses.
Protector of the Realm
Title held by Richard during Edward V's reign.
Duke Charles of Burgundy
Provided support to Edward IV against Lancasters.
Battle of Barnet
1471 battle where Warwick was killed.
Battle of Tewkesbury
Final battle of Part II, York victory.
Henry VII
Lancaster who unified houses through marriage.
Battle of Bosworth
Final battle leading to Henry VII's kingship.
Edward V
Son of Edward IV, king at 12.
Richard III
Claimed throne after deposing Edward V.
War of the Roses Part I
Initial conflict between Lancaster and York.
War of the Roses Part II
Conflict marked by Warwick's betrayal.
War of the Roses Part III
Final phase ending with Henry VII's rise.
Hostage in Tower of London
Henry VI captured by Edward IV.
Marriage of Henry and Elizabeth
Unified Lancaster and York houses.
Edward IV's coronation
Established House of York in London.
Richard's claim of illegitimacy
Justified Edward V's removal from power.
Execution of Henry VI
Marked end of Lancaster opposition.
Exile of remaining Lancasters
Eliminated future threats to York rule.
Richard's rise to power
Deposed Elizabeth's family to gain control.
Richard III
Claimed Edward V illegitimate to ascend the throne.
War of the Roses
Series of civil wars for English throne.
Battle of Bosworth
Final battle of the War of the Roses.
Henry VII
First Tudor king after defeating Richard III.
Protector of the Realm
Title held by Richard III before kingship.
Edward V
Son of Edward IV, declared illegitimate by Richard.
War of the Roses
Dynastic conflict between Lancaster and York families.
Henry VII
First Tudor king, unified England after 1485.
House of Tudor
Dynasty ruling England from 1485 to 1603.
Star Chamber
Court addressing nobility's corruption and power abuse.
Henry the Navigator
Portuguese prince promoting maritime exploration and trade.
Sagres
Maritime studies hub established by Henry the Navigator.
Caravels
Strong ships developed for Portuguese exploration.
Bartolomeu Dias
First to navigate around Africa's southern tip.
Vasco da Gama
First to reach India by sea (1497-1499).
Estado da India
Portugal's maritime empire controlling Indian Ocean trade.
Ferdinand and Isabella
Spanish monarchs who unified Spain through marriage.
Columbus' Voyages
Explorations leading to European discovery of Americas.
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