History 125 Exam #2

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804.

Social Contract

an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.

Estates General

French quasi-parliamentary body called in 1789 to deal with the financial problems that afflicted France. It had not met since 1614.

Bastille

Fortress in Paris that was stormed as a part of the French Revolution

Third Estate

the French bourgeoisie and working class before the French Revolution.

Jacobins

a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4.

Sans Coulottes

a lower-class Parisian republican in the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

a period of remorseless repression or bloodshed, in particular Reign of Terror, the period of the Terror during the French Revolution.

Haitian Revolution

slave revolution, which freed this country from France

Toussaint L'Ouverture

led the Haitian revolution

Bourgeoisie

The middle class. Sought to be recognized not by birth or title, but by capital and property.

Code Napoleon

French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804

Industrial Revolution

took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. ... This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power, including steam ships and railroads, that effected social, cultural and economic conditions.

Industrious Revolution

a household-level change with important demand- side features that preceded the Industrial Revolution, a supply-side phenomenon. It has implications for nineteenth- and twentieth-century economic history.

Nationalism

extreme love for one's country

Nation-State

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Opium Wars

two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty.

Gunboat Diplomacy

foreign policy that is supported by the use or threat of military force.

Extraterritoriality

state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations

Popular Sovereignty

is part of the seven principles, that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives

East India Company

British charter company created to outperform Portuguese and Spanish traders in the Far East; in the 18th century the company became, in effect, the ruler of India.

Free Labor

Wage-paying rather than slave labor

Caste War

Conflict between Mayan Indians and the Mexican State over Indian autonomy and legal equality, resulted of the Mexican take over of the Yucatan Peninsula

Chartism

Mass democratic to pass the People's Charter in Britain, granting male suffrage, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and annual parliaments, and absolving the requirement to own property for memberships of parliament

Fourierism

Form of utopian socialism based on the ideas of Charles Fourier. He envisioned communes where work was made enjoyable and systems of production and distributions were run without merchants. His ideas appealed to middle class readers, especially women, as a higher form of Christian communalism.

Liberalism

In the twentieth century, a viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.

Millenarian

one who believes in the coming of the (Christian) millennium

Decemberists

Russian army officers who were influenced by events in revolutionary France and formed secret societies that espoused liberal governance. They were put down by Nicholas I in December 1825.

Marxism

the political and economic theories of Karl Marx, basis for the theory and practice of communism.

Proletariat

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively- used with reference to Marxism

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion or the Taiping Civil War was a large-scale rebellion or civil war in China waged from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan. Qing Won.

Mfecane Movement

a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa.

Shaka Zulu

was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom

Muhammad Ali - not the boxer

self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottomans' temporary approval

Wahhabism

Wahhabism is an Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.

Tenskwatawa

Tenskwatawa was a Native American religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe, known as the Prophet or the Shawnee Prophe

Tecumseh

a Native American Shawnee warrior and chief, who became the primary leader of a large, multi-tribal confederacy in the early 19th century

Utopian Socialism

socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people.

Restoration Period

The Restoration of the English monarchy took place in the Stuart period. It began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under King Charles II. ???????

Sokoto Caliphate

The Sokoto Caliphate was an independent Islamic Caliphate, in West Africa. Founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1809 by Usman dan Fodio, it was abolished when the British defeated the caliphate.

Congress of Vienna

was a meeting of ambassadors of European states. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Revolutions of 1848

series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals.

Chinese Exclusion Act

a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers

Suez Canal

artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea

Charles Darwin

English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

Imperialism

Imperialism is an action that involves a nation extending its power by the acquisition of inhabited territory

British Raj

British sovereignty in India.

American Civil War

The American Civil War was a civil war that was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861

Cult of Domesticity (Separation of Spheres)

Men's and women's spheres were increasingly separated as many families lived in suburban settings, from which men commuted to other cities for work.

Limited Liability Joint Stock Company

Mobilized capital from share holders, banks and brokerage firms as intermediaries with large profits.

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Confederation of Canada

Scared America will they unify. Strong central government, weak sense of national identity.

'Opening' of Japan

The U.S. seeking to re-establish for the first time in over 200 years regular trade and discourse between Japan and the western world.

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917

Natural Selection

organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Orientalism

the representation of Asia, especially the Middle East, in a stereotyped way that is regarded as embodying a colonialist attitude.

Meiji Restoration

Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji

Alexander II

Alexander II was the Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland

Empress Cixi

was a Chinese empress dowager and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years from 1861 until her death in 1908.

Congo Free State

The Congo Free State was a large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908, which was in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II

Cecil Rhodes

British businessman, mining magnate and politician in southern Africa who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896

Franco-Prussian War of 1870

was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states

German Empire

also known as Imperial Germany, was the German nation state that existed from the Unification of Germany in 1871 until the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918

Otto Von Bismark

a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890

Battle of Adwa

1 March 1896 between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray.

Russo-Japanese War of 1870

war between Russia and Japan, resulted in Japan win and Japan became a world power

Berlin Conference 1885

Split up Africa in between the European powers. Did not have Africans in the conference

Second Industrial Revolution

also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

Self-Strengthening Movement

In the latter half of the 19th century, a movement of reformist Chinese bureaucrats that attempted to adopt western elements of learning and technological skill while retaining their core Chinese culture.

Shanghai School

Late 19th century style of painting characterized by an emphasis on spontaneous brushwork, feeling, and the incorporation of western influences into Classical Chinese pieces.

Scramble for Africa

European rush to colonize parts of Africa at the end of the 19th century.

Spanish American War

(1898) War between the United States and Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. It ended with a treaty in which the United States took the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico; Cuba won partial independence.

Hundred Day reforms

(1898) Abortive modernizing reform program of the Qin government of China.

Maji-Maji Revolt

(early 1900s) Swahili insurrection against German colonialists; inspired by the belief that those who were anointed with specially blessed water (maji) water be immune to bullets. Its resulted in 200,000-300,000 African deaths.

Sino-Japanese War

war between China and Japan over the control of Korea that resulted in the nominal independence of Korea

Anarchism

Belief that society should be a free association of its member, not subject to government, laws, or police.

Boer War

.Conflict between Britain and South African Farmers

Boxer Uprising

(1899-1900) Chinese peasant movement that opposed foreign influence, especially that of Christian missionaries; it was put down after the they were defeated by an army composed mostly of Japanese, Russians, British, French, and Americans.

Mexican Revolution 1910

Overthrew the Dictatorship of Portifirio Diaz

Portifirio Diaz

was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of three and a half decades. Was overthrown after the Mexican Revolution of 1910

Pan Movements

Groups that sought to link people across states boundaries in new communities based on ethnicity or, in some cases, religion.

Sun-Yat Sen

He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China when it was founded in 1912.

Modernists

a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society

The Women Question

a phrase usually used in connection with a social change in the later half of the 19th century, which questioned the fundamental roles of women in Western industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, and Russia.

Young Turks

An insurgent person trying to take control of a situation or organization by force or political maneuver. The term originated from the mostly young Turkish officers who overthrew Ottoman rulers after World War I.

Revolution of 1905

a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government

Paul Gauguin

a French post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, he is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinctly different from Impressionism.

Pablo Picasso

Spanish painter and sculptor in France who was interested in displaying multiple perspectives in one painting—as one of his greatest influences.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains beyond which Indian lands were supposed to be protected from colonial settlement

American Revolution

the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain. In 1776 America declared their independence from Britain.

Constitutional convention 1787

Meeting to formulate the constitution of the United States of America

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French charter of liberties formulated by the National Assembly that marked the end of dynastic and aristocratic rule. The seventeen articles later became the preamble to the new constitution, which the assembly finished in 1791.

Cult of the Supreme Being

Was a form of deism established in France by Maximilian Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and its rival the cult of reason.

Battle of Waterloo

Took place in Belgium in 1815 were armies from Prussia, Austria, Russia and Britain crushed Napoleons troops and made their last stand.

Treaty of Najing 1842

Treaty between China and Britain following the opium war; it called for indemnities the opening of new ports and the cession of Hong Kong to the British.

Great Sepoy Rebellion

Caused by the BEIC tough ruling over india, the Sepoys rebelled,(final straw was the greased gun cartridges) Rebellion demolished india and sent it into great poverty