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Proteins
Essential for body regulation and maintenance.
Calories per gram
Proteins provide 4 calories of energy.
Lean body tissue
Proteins constitute 17% of lean body mass.
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins, consist of four atoms.
Essential amino acids
9 amino acids not synthesized by the body.
Nonessential amino acids
11 amino acids synthesized by the body.
Conditionally essential amino acids
Amino acids needed during illness or malnutrition.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Genetic disorder affecting phenylalanine metabolism.
Dipeptide
Protein made of 2 amino acids.
Tripeptide
Protein made of 3 amino acids.
Oligopeptide
Protein made of 4 to 9 amino acids.
Polypeptide
Protein made of more than 10 amino acids.
Peptide bond
Chemical bond linking amino acids in proteins.
Denaturation
Change in protein shape reducing its activity.
Heat-based denaturation
Cooking alters protein structure for digestion.
Acid-based denaturation
Cooking with acids enhances flavor and tenderness.
Incomplete proteins
Do not provide all essential amino acids.
Complete proteins
Contain all essential amino acids in sufficient amounts.
Complementary proteins
Two incomplete proteins combined to form complete protein.
Protein digestion
Begins with cooking and continues in stomach.
Pepsin
Gastric enzyme breaking down proteins in stomach.
Trypsin
Pancreatic enzyme further digesting proteins in small intestine.
RDA for protein
0.8 - 1 g protein per kg body weight.
Protein consumption recommendations
10 - 15% of total calories from protein.
Protein malnutrition
Insufficient protein intake affecting health.
Protein functions
Includes building body components and immune function.
