Last A&P Unit Exam

What is A?

hilum

What is B?

renal artery and renal vein

What is C?

renal pelvis

What is D?

ureter

What is E?

major calyx

What is F?

minor calyx

What is G?

renal cortex

What is H?

renal medulla

What is I?

renal papilla

What is J?

renal pyramids

What is K?

renal columns

What is L?

fibrous capsule

What is glycolysis’ location?

cytoplasm

What is glycolysis’ reactant?

glucose (6C)

What is glycolysis product?

2x pyruvate + 2ATP (3C)

What is glycolysis’ function?

break glucose

What is bridge’s location?

cytoplasm/mitochondria

What is bridge’s reactant?

2 pyruvate

What is bridge’s product?

2x acetyl CoA (2C) + 2CO2 + NADH

What is bridge’s function?

removing a carbon, make a 2C (acetyl CoA), make a 3C (pyruvate)

What is Kreb’s cycle’s location?

matrix of mitochondria

What is Kreb’s cycle’s reactant?

2x Acetyl CoA (2C)

What is Kreb’s cycle’s product?

4 x CO2, NADH + FADH2

What is Kreb’s cycle’s function?

transfer high energy from C-H bonds to NAD+->NADH, FADH->FADH2

What is electron transport chain +oxidative phosphorylation’s location?

cristae of mitochondria

What is electron transport chain +oxidative phosphorylation’s function?

harness energy to pump H+ (protons) to generate a gradient, use the proton gradient to synthesize ADP+Pi->ATP

What side of the electron transport chain + oxidative phosphorylation are the hydrogen atoms on?

intermembane space

What side of the electron transport chain + oxidative phosphorylation is the ATP on?

matrix of mitochondria

What do all epithelial cells have?

basement membrane

How is surface area of intestines increase?

circular folds, villi, and microvilli

What are circular folds?

mucosa and submucosa

What are villi?

projections of mucosa with capillary and lymph networks

What are microvilli?

cytoplasmic extension of columnar cells

What is the main role of the small intestine?

digestion and absorption of nutrients

What is the main role of the large intestine?

absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food material to form feces for defecation

What are the parts of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What are the parts of the large intestine?

cecum, colon, rectum, mucous producing crypts, teniae coli

What are the four names of the sphincters?

pyloric, esophageal, ileocecal, anal

What is the pyloric sphincter?

thick ring of smooth mucles

What does the esophageal sphincter do?

regulate movement of food

What does the ileocecal sphincter do?

ensures directionality to food movement

What does the anal sphincter do?

elimination of feces/defecation

What are gastric pits?

openings of gastric glands

What are the cells of gastric pits?

surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, endocrine, chief

What do surface mucous cells secrete?

mucous

What do mucous neck cells secrete?

mucous

What do parietal cells secrete?

HCI

What do endocrine cells secrete?

regulatory hormones

What do chief cells secrete?

pepsinogen

What are the 2 main kinds of fermentation?

lactic acid and alcohol

Is lactic acid fermentation done by humans or yeast and most bacteria?

humans

Is alcohol fermentation done by humans or yeast and most bacteria?

yeast and most bacteria

What are the main points of the male reproductive system?

testicles, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland, urethra, external genitalia, spermatogenesis

What are the main points of the female reproductive system?

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, hymen, accessory glands, broad ligament, oogenesis

What do testicles do?

produce testosterone and sperm

What does the epididymis do?

matures, recycles, and transfers sperm

What does the ductus (vas) deferens do?

propels/stores sperm and fluid

What is the spermatic cord?

channel for blood vessels/nerves

What do the seminal vesicles do?

produce most of seminal fluid

What does the prostate do?

make prostatic fluid

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

neutralizes urinary acids

What is the urethra?

tube with prostatic, membranous, and spongy regions

What are a male’s external genitalia?

penis and scrotum

What is spermatogenesis, and does this happen to males or females?

testes->emission-ejaculation->semen, males

What do ovaries do?

produce immature female gametes, secrete estrogen and progesterone, and secrete inhibin

What do uterine tubes do?

connect ovaries and uterus

What does the uterus do?

protects, nourishes, removes wastes

What is the vagina?

a passageway

What are a female’s external genitalia?

clitoris, labia majora, labia minora

What does the hymen do and when is it broken?

blocks vagina, with first penetration

What are the accessory glands of the female reproductive system?

urethral glands, greater vestibular glands

What does the broad ligament do?

hold structures in place

What is oogenesis, and does this happen to males or females?

production of female gametes in ovaries, females

What are the processes of the digestive system?

mastication (chewing), deglutination (swallowing), food movement (peristalsis), secretions

What is mastication?

food broken does into smaller pieces by teeth when jaw moves

What are the phases of deglutination?

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

What is the order of food movement in peristalsis?

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, colon, defecation

What happens in the stomach during peristalsis?

chyme moves towards and through pyloric sphincter and bulkier food toward body of stomach

What happens in the small intestine during peristalsis?

chyme moves through ileocecal sphincter and is mixed

What happens in the large intestine during peristalsis?

produces feces and absorbs water

What happens in the colon during peristalsis?

conversion of the chyme to feces

What are the four areas of secretion?

oral cavity, stomach, intestines, emptied into duodenum

What is secreted in the oral cavity and why?

saliva to moisten and lubricate food

What is secreted in the stomach and why?

chyme to digest proteins and activate other enzymes

What is secreted in the intestines and where?

protease (mainly endo) and peptidase (endo or exo)

Glucose to ATP table: What happens to carbs?

polysaccharides->salivary amylase (mouth)->smaller polypeptides->pancreatic amylase->disaccharides (small intestine-lumen space)->disaccharidase->monosaccharides (small intestine-epithelial cells)

Glucose to ATP table: What happens to proteins?

polypeptides->pepsin (stomach)->smaller polypeptides->trypsin, chymotrypsin->carboxypeptidases->amino acids (small intestine-lumen space) or dipeptidases->amino acids (small intestine-epithelial cells)

Glucose to ATP table: What happens to nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA->nuclease->nucleotides (small intestine-lumen space)->neucleotidases->nucleotide->nucleosidases->nucleoside (small intestine-epithelial cells)

Glucose to ATP table: What happens to fats?

fat globules->bile salt (emulsifies)->lipase->glycerol, fatty acids (small intestine-lumen space)

On a 90’s food pyramid, what foods are considered best for you?

bread, cereal, rice and pasta at 6-11 servings

On a 90’s food pyramid, what foods are on the 2nd tier?

vegetables at 3-5 servings and fruit at 2-4 servings

On a 90’s food pyramid, what foods are on the 3rd tier?

milk, yogurt and cheese at 2-3 servings and meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs and nuts at 2-3 servings

On a 90’s food pyramid, what foods are considered the worst for you?

fats, oils and sweets used sparingly

On a scientific food pyramid, what is considered the best for you?

daily exercise and weight control

On a scientific pyramid, what foods are on the 2nd tier?

whole grain foods and plant oils (olive, canola, corn, sunflower, peanut and other vegetable oils) at most meals

On a scientific pyramid, what foods are on the 3rd tier?

vegetables in abundance and fruit at 2-3 servings

On a scientific pyramid, what foods are on the 4th tier?

nuts and legumes at 1-3 servings

On a scientific pyramid, what foods are on the 5th tier?

fish, poultry and eggs at 0-2 servings

On a scientific pyramid, what foods are on the 6th tier?

dairy or calcium supplement at 1-2 servings

On a scientific pyramid, what foods are considered the worst for you?

red meat and butter, and white rice, white bread, potatoes, pasta and sweets used sparingly