GI and urinary systems

Dogs and cats have what kind of stomach?

Monogastric: Possess a simple, single stomach.

Ruminates have a four chambered stomach. What are the four parts?

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.

Hindgut fermenters have a large _____ and _______.

cecum and colon

Components of the oral cavity are?

Lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, hard and soft pallets, and oropharynx.

In cattle what is the major organ of prehension?

tongue

What is the function of mastication?

Chewing, Physically breaking down food. This action increased the surface area of food exposed to digestive enzymes.

What is pulp?

The center of the tooth containing blood and verve supply.

What is dentin?

Surrounds and protects the tooth pulp.

What is the cementum?

hard connective tissue covering the tooth root, helping to fasten the tooth.

What in Gingiva?

Epithelial tissue that composes the gums around the teeth.

Ruminants have no upper _____ or upper ________ teeth.

Incisors or canine teeth.

What species posses carnassial teeth, which are the first molar in the lower arcade.

Dogs

Saliva contains

various digestive enzymes to start digestion.

What is mastication?

Chewing

What is peristalsis?

A rhythmic wavelike involuntary motion that progressively moves connects through the tubular organ in one direction.

The area surrounding the esophageal opening into the stomach, with a cardiac sphincter.

Cardia

A distensible blind pouch that relaxes and distends as food is swallowed is the?

Fundus

What is the Rumen?

Largest component of the stomach where fermentation vat where microbes break down fiber.

What are parietal cells ( Oxyntic cells)

Produce hydrochloric acid, making the stomach highly acidic.

What do chief cells produce?

Produce enzyme precursor pepsinogen, which breaks down proteins.

What do mucous cells produce?

Produce protective mucus that coats the stomach lining, along with bicarbonate to protect against acid damage.

What is mesentery?

A connective tissue that provides blood supply and nerve innervation.

What is the duodenum?

The shortest section connecting directly to the stomach pylorus. Receives bile and pancreatic juices that aid in digestion.

What is a segmental contraction

The major form of motility in the small intestine providing slower movement for better absorption.

What is Ileus?

Slowing or stopping of peristaltic movement.

What is hyperperistalsis?

Overactive gut motility.

Majority of digestion happens where?

Duodenum

What organ stores bile produced by the liver and delivers it to the small intestine via a duct.

The Gallbladder

What animals do not have a gallbladder?

Horses and rats

Componets’s of the large intestines are the?

Cecum, colon, and rectum.

The pouch located at the function of the ileum and colon?

Cecum

The largest part of the large intestine is the?

Colon

The __________ is the the terminal portion of the colon located within the pelvic cavity that stores feces before defecation.

Rectum

The ______ collects and stores feces?

Rectum

The _____ has two sphincters to control defecation.

Anus

The internal sphincter gland in under _________ control?

Involuntary control

The external sphincter glad in under _______ control.

voluntary

The internal sphincter is stimulated by what system?

The parasympathetic system

What is coprophagia?

Ingestion of feces

What is Pica?

Cravings for ingestion if non-food items.

Hepatic liver is what?

An excess accumulation of fat in the liver.

High fat diets are known to cause what in dogs and cats?

Pancreatitis

What are the components of the urinary system?

Two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.

What is volvulus?

twisting along the longitudinal axis of the stomach.

What is micturition urination?

Expulsion of urine from the bladder.

What is anuria?

Absence of urine

What are the functions of the kidney?

Excrete waste from the blood, excrete excess water, and maintain blood pH through acid base balance.

Electrolyte balance includes?

sodium, potassium, and chloride

Where are the kidneys located?

Dorsal part of the abdomen retroperitoneal behind the peritoneum.

The _____________ is the outermost portion and has a rough granular appearance.

renal cortex

The basic function unit of the kidneys are?

Nephrons

Nephrons are responsible for?

Filtration, resorption, secretion, and regulation of acid-base balance.

The _____ ____________ filters blood into glomerular filtrate.

renal corpuscle

The ______ of ______ is primarily involved in reabsorption of sodium and water.

Loop of henle

The antidiuretic hormone is responsible for what?

Released from the pituitary gland which promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, making urine more concentrated and reducing dehydration.

T or F. The right kidney is often more cranial?

True

Infection of the bladder is called?

pyelonephritis

Amino acids are?

The building blocks of protein

Metabolic acidosis happens when?

Blood becomes to acidic , kidneys can secrete hydrogen into urine and absorb bicarbonate ions into the blood to normalize ph.

A distensible blind pouch that relaxes and distends as food is swallowed in the monogastric stomach is called what?

Fundus

The pyloric antrum in the monogastric stomach is responsible for what?

Grinding up swallowed food and regulating hydrochloric acid.

The muscular sphincter regulating the movement of chyme ( digested food) from the stomach into the duodenum and preventing backflow is which part of the monogastric stomach?

Pylorus

The largest part of the ruminant stomach is the?

Rumen. Fermentation vat where microbes break down plant fiber.

What is the role of the reticulum (Honeycomb) in the ruminant stomach?

Helps separate ingested food and moves larger particles back to the mouth for further chewing. ( Regurgitation)

The Omasum in the ruminate stomach is responsible for what?

Section with folds ( plies) that absorb water and nutrients from the digested food.

The abomasum in the ruminates stomach is responsible for what?

Where gastric juices and enzymes further break down food.

Which chamber of a ruminates stomach is known as the “ True Stomach”

The Abomasum

The small intestine has three parts. What are they?

Duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum.

The shortest section, connecting directly to the pylorus and receives bile and pancreatic juices that aid in digestion is the _____.

Duodenum

The longest and most mobile section of the small intestine that is characterized by numerous folds and villi is the ___________.

Jejunum

The final section, connecting to the large intestine, relatively short and may have a narrowed opening into the large intestine is the _________?

Ileum

What is the pancreas responsible for?

Housing enzymes ( Amylase, lipase, and protease), and hormones ( Insulin, glucagon)

What is the liver responsible for?

Production of bile, detox, albumin, and nutrient storage.

What organ stores bile?

The gallbladder

What are the pancreas exocrine functions?

To produce numerous digestive enzymes including proteases, Amylase, lipase, and secrete bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize acid.

What exocrine pancreatic enzyme breaks down carbohydrate down into simple sugars?

Amylase

What exocrine pancreas enzyme breaks down proteins into peptides?

Proteases

What exocrine pancreas enzyme breaks down fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides?

Lipase

What is the function of the endocrine functions in the pancreas?

To produce hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose levels.