Unit 1 AP Biology Review

Review for AP Bio topics 1.1-1.8Q2A

Ionic Bonds

Transfer Electrons (Charged Particles)

Covalent Bonds

Share Electrons (Non-Metals)

Hydrogen Bonds

An partially positive Hydrogen atom (H) attracts to the partially negative elements F,O,N of ANOTHER molecule

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to draw electrons to itself (More electrons? Generally, More electronegative)

Non- Polar Covalent

Electrons are shared equally - Balanced distribution so no partial charges

Polar Covalent

Unequally shared electrons - one atom has higher electronegativity which creates partial positive and negative charges

Out of C,H,O which element is the most electronegative?

Oxygen - pulls more electrons (Partially negative)

Water is a _____ Molecule?

Polar (has partial negatives and positives)

Cohesion

Tendency of water molecules to stick to each other (hydrogen bonding)

Adhesion

The ability of water to stick to other surfaces (surfaces must then be polar for a polar molecule to attract it!)

High Heat Capacity

When temperature increases more bonds will break however the overall temp remains stable

High heat vaporization

Cooling mechanism ex. evaporation of sweat (so theres no large temp fluctuations in animals)

Transpiration

Water Molecules are attracted to each other through cohesion which allows water to move from the soil, up the xylem (the polar stem) to the leaves.

Surface Tension

An interaction between water and air - water is strongest on the top layer do to molecules on top attracting horizontally (inward)

What is Standard Error?

Shows you how good your data is “Measure of precision”

Small Deviation is better!

x̄ = Mean

n = # Data Points

S = How spread out data is

2x SEM 95% confident of the true mean

Autotroph

Produces its own food (Plants & Photosynthesis)

Heterothroph

Consumes other organisms for energy (yoo)

4 Major Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

What atoms do all 4 major molecules have?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Multiple monomers create a…

Polymer

Elements in Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Elements in Lipids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

How are phospholipids different from regular lipids?

They contain phosphorus.

Elements in Proteins

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Nucleic Acids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Polymer

A large molecule made of many monomers bonded together in a REPEATING chain-like fashion

Dehydration Synthesis

How monomers are bonded together

An H+ is removed from a monomer and OH- is removed from another, this results in H₂O and a covalent bond between the two monomers.

Monomer of Carbohydrates

Glucose - Energy for cell

Monomer of Lipids

Glycerol and Fatty Acids - Long term energy storage & primary structure for cell

Monomer of Proteins

Amino Acids - Give us phenotypes and facilitate chemical reactions

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides - RNA & DNA (store genetic info)

R- Groups from proteins might contain what element?

Sulfur (Disulfide bonds)

Hydrolosis

Water is added to the bond between monomers to break the bond and seperate them