Studied by 4 people
Cohesion
A hydrogen bond between the same molecules or two water molecules
Adhesion
A hydrogen bond between two different molecules, such as water and an amino acid
Surface Tension
A phenomenon, resulting from cohesive properties, when hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules at the surface (leaves of aquatic plants depend on it for better access to sunlight during photosynthesis)
High Solvency
Resulting from adhesive properties, water’s ability to dissolve other molecules (allows materials to dissolve and be easily accessed by cells so living systems can obtain nutrients from their environment)
Ability of Ice to Float
Water’s cohesive property and unique hydrogen bond interaction make water as a solid more dense (allows aquatic organisms to thrive in cold conditions since only the surface of the water gets frozen over)
High Heat Capacity
Water’s cohesive ability to absorb an abundance of thermal energy and resist sudden temperature changes (sea animals depend on it to maintain their body temperature)
Capillary Action
The forces of cohesion, which causes water to stick together, and adhesion, which cause water droplets to stick to stem walls and be pulled upward during transpiration (so plants can access water)
Macromolecule
A molecule that is necessary to sustain life- Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids
Monomer
A molecule that makes up a polymer
Polymer
A macromolecule made up of monomers
Dehydration Synthesis
Forms covalent bonds by joining monomers into polymers and releasing water as a byproduct (⬠ + ⬠ → ⬠⬠ + H20)
Hydrolysis
Cleves covalent bonds by breaking polymers into monomers and adding water subcomponents to each monomer (⬠⬠ + H20→ ⬠ + ⬠ )
Nucleic Acid
A polymer/macromolecule present in DNA and RNA, made out of nucleotides
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acid’s monomer- contains a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and 5-carbon sugar
What elements does nucleic acid contain?
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
What is the directionality of nucleotides?
Characterized by its anti-parallel 3’ hydroxyl ends and 5’ phosphate ends, with 2 hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine and 3 hydrogen bonds between Guanine and Cysostine. During synthesis, nucleotides can only be added to the 3’ end.
Pyrimidines Family of Nitrogenous Bases
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil- have a single six-membered ring
Purines Family of Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine and guanine- have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
What influences the structure and function of nucleic acid polymers?
A change in nucleotides will lead to a change in its function, since biological information is stored in its sequence.
and in stability, since the amount of hydrogen bonds between nitrogen base pairs affects how stable the molecule’s structure is (the more hydrogen bonds, the more stable)
What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?
Both are comprised of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base, their nucleotides are connected with covalent bonds, and they have the same directionality
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
Sugars (DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose), 4th Nitrogenous Base (DNA = thymine, RNA = uracil), Number of Strands (DNA = double-stranded, RNA = single-stranded)
Proteins
A polymer/macromolecule made out of amino acid
Amino Acids
Protein’s monomer- Comprised of a center carbon with an amino terminus on one end and carboxyl end on the other, and R group attached to the center carbon
R Group
A group of atoms attached to the central carbon in an amino acid, that can change the chemical property of proteins to hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic
What elements does protein contain?
Carbon and Nitrogen
Polypeptide
A primary structure of proteins and sequence of amino acids bonded together
Peptide Bond
A covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid the amino group of another
What is the directionality of amino acids?
The linear chains of amino acids gives directionality with an amino terminus and carboxyl terminus
Primary Structure
The first element of protein structure, characterized by a non functional sequence of amino acids (polypeptides) held together with peptide bonds
Secondary Structure
The second element of protein structure, when amino acid chains fold/twist into alpha-helices and beta-sheets
Tertiary Structure
The 3D functional form for most proteins, who’s R Group is stabilized. The protein bends since nonpolar (hydrophobic) acids fold inwards and polar (hydrophilic acids fold outside
Quaternary Structure
The final element of protein structure for some proteins, that is comprised of multiple polypetite units together and usually functions as hemoglobin
Chaperones
Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
What influences the structure and function of protein polymers?
A change in polarity in the R Group can affect the direction the protein bends in and change its function to receive different molecules
Carbohydrates
A polymer/macromolecule present in starches and sugars, made out of monosaccharides or “simple sugars”, with a linear or branched structure
Monosaccharides or “Simple Sugars”
Carbohydrates’ monomer- (CH2O)n, a carbon chain bonded to two hydrogens and one oxygen
What element do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon
Polysaccharides
A carbohydrate polymer, formed of monosaccharides
Glycosidic Bond
A covalent bond formed between carbohydrate or sugar molecules
What is the directionality of monosaccharides?
The directionality is decided by the assembly of polysaccharides, connected by glycosidic bonds
What influences the structure and function of carbohydrate polymers?
The orientation of monosaccharides and type of sugar monomer determine their function
Lipids
A polymer/macromolecule present in fats, made out of fatty acid and glucose
Fatty Acid & Glucose
Lipid’s non-polar monomer (does not have true monomer), comprised of a straight chain of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and a carboxyl group
What element do lipids contain?
Carbon and Phosphorus
Phospholipids
Membrane lipids with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that decide their interactions with other molecules
What influences the structure and function of lipid polymers?
The saturation (saturated= single bonds, unsaturated= double bonds) of fatty acids determines the structure and function of lipids
