bioCellular Respiration Glycolysis, TCA and ETC plus Fermentation, Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Fermentation

partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O_{2 ,} substrate-level phosphorylation

Aerobic respiration

consumes organic molecules and O₂ and yields ATP, substrate-level phosphorylation

Cellular respiration

glucose is oxidized and O₂ is reduced

redox reactions

reaction where elecrons are transphered

oxidation

loss of electrons(H), oxidized, Xe- to X, reducing agent

reduction

gains electrons(H), reduced, Y to Ye-, the oxidizng agent

etc

takes electrons from NADH, cain of redox rections, makes energy, inside inner mito membrane (plasma membrane in prokaryotes)

Glycolysis

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytosol, substrate-level phosphorylation makes 2 A T P plus 2 N A D H and two water

Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

completes the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix, substrate-level phosphorylation, 1 N A D H per pyruvate (2 N A D H per glucose molecule) and 2 A T P, 6 N A D H, and 2 F A D H₂ per glucose molecule

Oxidative phosphorylation

most atp, in inner mitocondreal membrane, ect

Prophase

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers emerge

Prometaphase

chromosomes keep condensing, kinetochores appear at the centromeres, microtubules attach to kinetochores, centrosomes move toward opposite poles

centromere

region of a chromosome that connects the sister chromatids

kinetochore

large protine that connects around the centromere to connect the chromosome to microtubuals

microtubules

grow from centrosomes, attatch to kinetochore

centrosomes

made up of two centrioles

centrioles

nine microtubuals, two of these in centrosomes

spindle fibers

microtubuals, centrosomes and others that form during cell division

Metaphase

mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell, chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate, sister chromatids are attached to a spindle fiber from opposite poles

Anaphase

sister chromatids being together break down, sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles

Telophase

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondenese, nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle breaks down

Cytokinesis

cytoplasm and all of final cell split

g1

cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles

s

cell copies its DNA to produce two sister chromatids

g2

further cell growth and organisation of cellular contents

m

mitotic, the cell divides into two daughter cells

g0

non dividing phase

p-p mat

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

cellular respiration products

6 co2, 6 h20, heat, 38 atp

in cellular respiration,

Oxygen is reduced, so it is an oxidizing agent. The glucose is oxidized

M phase checkpoint

anaphase does not begin if any kinetochores remain unattached to spindle microtubules

binary fission

an asexual reproduction method where a single cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

the G₂ checkpoint

good replicated chromosomes, dna undamaged, mphase promoting factor present

the G₁ checkpoint

cell size big, enough nutrients, dna is undamaged

cyclins

protein complex, cyclin dependent kinases, makes s begin

chemiosmosis

pump H with A T P synthase

Meiosis

non-identical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes

CDKs

kinases

cyclins

protines that bind cdks

chromatin fiber

condenced chromosomes

Dna condensation

big strand of dna, to small managable