Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Sociologist

___ is the systematic study of human behavior in society.

Sociology

What do sociologist mean when they refer to the systematic study of behavior?

They mean that social behavior is regular, patterned, and that it takes place between individuals, small groups, large organizations, and entire societies.

Is everyone unique? If so in which way?

Yes and no. Each of us is unique in the sense that you and i are like no one else on earth.

How are humans alike?

We experience feelings, celebrate rituals, and want happy and healthy lives. We as people conform to expected and acceptable behavior. From the time we get up we follow a variety of rules, how we act in different social situations, and how we dress for different events.

Is sociology common sense?

No. Sociology goes well beyond conventional wisdom, what we call common sense, in several ways.

The ___ analyzes how social context influences people's lives.

Sociological perspective

What is at the center of the sociological perspective?

Sociological imagination

According to sociologist, our individual behavior is influenced by what?

It is influenced by social factors such as religion, ethnicity, and politics.

What is the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social influences?

Sociological Imagination

Sociological imagination emphasizes the connection between what?

Personal troubles and structural issues

Sociological imagination relies on what?

It relies on micro and macro level approaches to understand our social world.

___ examines the patterns of individuals social interaction in specific settings.

Microsociology

___ focuses on large-scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole.

Macrosociology

What can knowing some sociology help us do?

It can help us make more informed decisions

What is changing in the United States?

Racial and Ethnic composition

In the United States, what has the racial/ethnic shift already affected?

It has already affect interpersonal relationships, education, politics, religion, and other spheres of social life.

What factors shape our beliefs, behavior, and experiences?

Our gender class, social class, marital status, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and age.

Where is sociology valuable? and why?

Sociology is valuable in applied, clinical, and policy settings because many jobs require understanding society and research, and applying theoretical perspectives to create social change.

T/F A degree in sociology is a springboard for entering many jobs and professions.

True

A ___ is a set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs.

Theory

What do theories produce?

Theories produce knowledge, guide our research, help us analyze our findings, and, ideally, offer solutions for social problems.

Who coined the term sociology and is often described as the "father of sociology"?

Auguste Comte

Comte maintained that the study of society must be ___.

Empirical

What does it mean that the study of society must be empirical?

It means that information should be based on observations, experiments, and other data collections rather than on ideology, religion, intuition, or conventional wisdom.

He saw sociology as the scientific study of two aspects of society: ___ and ___

Social statics; social dynamics

___ investigates how principles of social order explain a particular society, as well as the interconnections between institutions.

Social statics

___ explores how individuals and societies change over time.

Social dynamics

What did Harriet Martineau an English author did what for sociology?

She published several dozen books on a wide range of topics in social sciences, politics, literature, and history.

Harriet Martineau was a strong what?

Feminist

Who was Emile Durkheim?

She was a French sociologist and writer.

What did Emile Durkheim agree with Comte about?

She agreed with Comte that societies are characterized by unity and cohesion because their members are bound together by common interest and attitudes.

Emile didn't think Comte covered what?

She thought he didn't cover that sociology could be scientific.

What did Durkheim maintained, sociology must study ___.

Social facts

___ are aspects of social life, external to the individual that can be measured.w

Social facts

Sociologist can determine material facts by doing what?

By examining demographic characteristics of age, place of residence, and population size.

Sociologist can gauge ___ such as communication processes, by observing everyday behavior and how people related to each other.

Nonmaterial facts

___ - social cohesiveness and harmony.

Social Solidarity

___- an interdependence of different tasks and occupations, characteristics of industrialized societies, that produces social unity and facilities change.

Division of Labor

Who is Karl Marx?

He is a German social philosopher, is often described as the most influential social scientist who ever lived.

___- the ruling elite who own the means of producing wealth.

Capitalism

___- the ruling elite who own the means of producing wealth.

Capitalists

___- small business owners and owner workers who still have their own means of production but might end up in the proletariat because they're driven out by competition or their businesses fail.

Petit bourgeoisie

___- the masses or workers who depend on wages to survive, have few resources, and make up the working class.

Proletariat

___- the feeling of separation from one's group or society.

Alienation

___ is the systematic study of human behavior.

Sociology

Human behaviors take place between who?

Individuals, Small groups, Large organizations, and nations.

We are all ___ in some ways.

Unique

Sociology isn't ___.

Common sense

___ came up with sociological imagination.

C. Wright Mills

Sociological Imagination connects ___ and ___.

Personal Troubles; Structural Issues

Sociological imagination involves ___ and ___.

Micro-Sociology; Macro-Sociology

___: involves individual interactions.

Micro-Sociology

___: involves large scale patterns

Macro-Sociology

Why study sociology? (Five reasons)

Helps you make informed decisions; understands diversity; social and public policies; helps you think critically; expands career opportunities.

___: a set of statements that explains why phenomenon occurs.

Theory

What does theory help you do?

It helps you guide research and offers solutions for social problems.

Origins of Sociology Theory:

father of sociology, he coined the term.

Auguste Comte

Origins of Sociology Theory:

he believed in positivism.

Auguste Comte

Origins of Sociology Theory:

he saw sociology as a study of social statics and social dynamics

Auguste Comte

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Disagreed with Comte and said sociologist should not guide social reform.

Herbert Spencer

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Believed in Social darwinsim

Herbert Spencer

Origins of Sociology Theory:

The Mother of Sociology

Harriet Martineau

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Translates the work of Comte

Harriet Martineau

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Wrote the first sociology methods book

Harriet Martineau

Origins of Sociology Theory:

A feminist and opponent if slavery

Harriet Martineau

Origins of Sociology Theory:

He believed sociology should study social facts

Durkheim

Origins of Sociology Theory:

What are the three types of social facts?

Material, Nonmaterial, and Social currents

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Believed in the division of labor.

Durkheim

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Believed in social integration

Durkheim

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Capitalism

Marx

Origins of Sociology Theory:

___: ownership of means of production in private hands

Marx

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Breeds three social classes

Marx

Origins of Sociology Theory:

___: owners

___: small business owners

___: masses of worker

Capitalist, Petit Bourgeoisie, Proletariat

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Class conflict

Marx

Origins of Sociology Theory:

Allienation

Marx

Max weber through social organization said society is shaped and changed by what?

Ideas, religious values, ideologies, and charismatic leaders

Max weber through social organization said society is understood through analysis of ___ between ___.

Interrelationships; Social institutions

While Max Weber was finding social organization self-deprivation of Calvinism supported the rise of ___.

Capitalism

Max Weber says ___ is the subject understanding of behavior.

Verstehen

Max Weber:

___ is knowing how people perceive the world.

Verstehen

What are the two types of Verstehen?

Direct Observational Understanding; Explanatory Understanding

Max Weber: Identify which type of Verstehen:

___: what's seen or heard

Direct Observational Understanding

Max Weber: Identify which type of Verstehen:

___: of intention of contact

Explanatory understanding

Max Weber:

___- separates personal from scientific

Value free sociology

Max Weber:

___- provides knowledge not personal ideology

Teaching

Who founded the Hull House?

Jane Adams

Who is the leader of the women's suffrage movement?

Jane Adams

Identify the person:

She was a nobel peace prize winner

Jane Adams

Identify the person:

She contributed to symbolic interactionism and criminology

Jane Adams

Identify the person:

She ignored her male colleagues

Jane Adams

Identify the person:

Wrote books on Africans and black Americans

W.E.B Du Bois

Identify the person:

First African American to receive a Ph.D from Harvard

W.E.B Du Bois

Identify the person:

Help founded NAACP

W.E.B Du Bois

Identify the person:

Said race problem is one of ignorance

W.E.B Du Bois

Identify the person:

Had beef with Booker T. Washington

W.E.B Du Bois

Identify the person:

He developed the double consciousness

W.E.B Du Bois

___- process where African Americans must maintain two behavioral scripts

Double Consciousness

In the process of double consciousness, what were the two behavioral scripts?

One similar to all Americans; another taking into account racially prejudiced onlookers

Who were the founders of functionalism?

Comte and Durkheim

In functionalism, what was Spencer's Organic ideology?

Society is like vital organs functioning together.