AP Biology Unit 8 Quiz 1 || Environmental Responses & Energy Flow

Ethology

The study of how evolutionary processes shape inherited behaviors

Proximate cause

What stimulus caused the behavior

Ultimate cause

why a behavior occurs ; how does the behavior help animals reproduce?

Innate behaviors

developmentally fixed (instinctive and hereditary)

Learned Behaviors

depend on environmental influences

Fixed action patterns (FAPs)

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a stimulus

Sign stimulus

External cue

Migration is triggered by ..

• Sun’s position

• Earth’s magnetic field

• Celestial Cues

Signal (def)

A stimulus generated and transmitted from one animal to another; animal communication

Examples of signals

• Pheromones

• Stimulus response chains

• Body movement

Pheromones

chemicals emitted by members of a species that can affect other members of the same species

Stimulus response chains

when a response stimulus serves as the next stimulus for a behavior

Directed movements

movements towards or away form a stimulus

Kinesis

A change in the rate of movement or the frequency of turning movements in response to a stimulus; non directional

Taxis

Directional movement towards (+) or away (-) form a stimulus

Phototaxis

Movement in response to light

Chemotaxis

Movement in response to chemical signals

Geotaxis

Movement in response to gravity

Types of taxis

• Phototaxis

• Chemotaxis

• Geotaxis

Learning

the modification of behaviors based on specific experiences

Imprinting

a long-lasting behavioral response to an individual

Spatial learning

establishing memories based upon the spatial structure of the animal’s surroundings ; some animals use cognitive maps or landmakrs

Associative learning

The ability to associate one environmental feature with another

Social learning

learning through observations and imitations of the observed behaviors

Foraging

A food obtaining behavior

Mating behaviors

Includes monogamy or polygamy

Altruism

Selfless behavior

• Individual fitness is reduced, but population fitness is increased

Phototropism

a directional response that allows plants to grow toward light sources

Photoperiodism

allows plants to develop in response to day length

2 Mechanisms of defense

1. Physical defenses

2. Chemical defenses

Physical defenses

Thorns and trichomes

Soil composition can cause plants …

to change colors depending on pH levels

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

Exchanges in energy increase entropy of the universe

Net gain of energy results in

growth or energy storage for an organism

Net loss of energy leads to

loss of mass and eventual death for an organism

Metabolic rate

total amount of energy used in a unit of time

What can measure metabolic rate?

• calories

• heat loss

• O2 consumed

• CO2 released

How is metobolic rate related to body mass?

small animal = high metabolic rate

big animal = low metabolic rate

Endotherms

use thermal energy from metabolism to maintain body temperature

Exotherms

use external sources to regulate body temperature

Primary producers

use light energy to synthesize organic compounds

Chemosynthetic organisms

use energy from chemical reactions to create food

Heterotrophs

Cannont synthesize their own food

Food chains …

Show transfer of energy up trophic levels

Food webs …

are linked food chains

Primary production

The amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy

Gross primary production

total primary production in an ecosystem

Net primary production

GPP minus the energy used by the primary producers

Secondary production

The amount of chemical energy in a consumer’s food that is converted to new biomass

• The transfer of energy between trophic levels is around 10% efficiency

Biogeochemical cycles

Nutrient cycles that contain both biotic and abiotic factors (water, carbon, nitrogen, & phosphorus)

Carbon cycle

Required for formation of organic compounds

Nitrogen cycle

Important for formation of amino acids/proteins and nucleic acids

Phosphorus cycle

Essential for formation of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP