phonological processes

Gliding of fricatives

Fricatives are placed by glides (w,j) less common

Gliding fricative

food [wud], vase [wes], shoe [ju]

Glottal replacement

obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates) are replaced by the glottal stop ʔ not typically observed in children’s normal phonological development

Initial constant deletion

word initial consonants are deleted not typically observed in normal children and phonological development

Lateralization

A fricative (s,t, tʃ,dʒ,ʃ,ɜ) is produced with lateral emission (lisp) not observed in typical children’s phonological development

Glottal replacement

water= [wɔːʔə] ( replacing the t sound) city= [ˈsɪʔi] (replacing the t sound)

Initial consonant deletion

“car” is “ar” or “nose” is “ose”

Lateralization

sheep→ [s̯ip] sad→ [s̯æd]

/s/ cluster reduction (SCR)

a sequence or “ cluster” of 2 or 3 consonats involving /s/ (/sp/, /sl/, /str/, /skw/) is reduced by one element

/s/ cluster reduction

“spider’ is pider or “sleep” is “lip”

Liquid cluster reduction (LCR)

A cluster or obstruent plus non-syllabic liquid (/fr, kl/) or non syllabic liquid plus obstruent (/lv/) is reduced by one element. Also includes cases of segment coalescence (clown is “fown”)

Liquid cluster reduction

Flower→ fower

vocalization

A liquid /l,r/ or syllabic liquid /ɚ,ə/ in a syllable or word final position is replaced by a vowel (typically /ʊ,u,ə/ Also includes pre-consonants liquids (/l/ in twelve)

vocalization

twelve→ tweve or feather→ featha

Affrication AFF

A fricative (/f, v, s, z,ʃ, ʒ/) is replaced by an affricate (any stop plus homorganic, including /ts, dz, pf/ as well as (tʃ,dʒ)

Affrication

• “shoe” → "choo"

• “see” → "chee"

• “zoo” → "joo"

Deaffrication

An affricate (tʃ,dʒ) is replaced by a fricative

Deaffrication

“chicken” is “shicken” “cage” is “caje” (like beige)

final devoicing

voiced obstruent (/b,d,g/) in final position is replaced by a voiceless obstruent (/p,t,k/)

final devoicing

“cheese” in “chees” or “crib” is “crip”

velar assimilation

consonant becomes velar (/k/,/g/,/ŋ/) bc of the influence of a nearby velar sound

velar assimilation

“green” is “greeŋg” or “chicken” is “kicken”

Velar fronting

replacement of the velars /k/, /g/, /ng/ by sounds that made in a more anterior position typically alveolar

velar fronting

“cop” to “top” “ring” to “rin” “beg” to “bed”

Alveolarization

an interdental or labiodental fricative (/θ,ð,f,v/) is replaced by an alveolar obstruent (/s,v,t,d/)

Alveolarization

“three” is “sree” or “this” is “zis”

Stopping

Affricative (/f, s,θ,ð) or affricate (/ tʃ,dʒ/) is replaced by an oral stop (/p,t,d)

Stopping

“sun” is ”tun” “juice” is “duce”

glide cluster reduction

cluster of stop plus glide (/w, j/) is reduced by one element, typically the glide. Can occur accross syllable boundaries (“ederd” for “edward”)

glide cluster reduction

“thank you” is “thank u”

Gliding of liquids

refers to the production of a glide (/w,j/) for a liquid (/r,l/)

Gliding of liquids

“red” is “wed” or “like” is “yike”

Labialization

An interdental fricative /θ,ð/ is replaced by a labial obstruent (typically /f,v/ but also /p,b/ if the stopping process applies

Labialization

“teeth” is “tif” or “this” is “bls”

Velarization

An alveolar or interdental obstruents /t,s,θ/ are replaced by velars. No ttypically observed in normal phonological development. Associated with the “dark L” in english and can affect other consonants as well

Velarization

/l/ sound in words like “full”, “bell”, “bottle” is produced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, creating a “dark” or velarized sound. “trian”→ “gain”

Depalatization/ Palatal fronting

A palatal obstruent (/ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ) is replaced by or “fronted” to an alveolar (/s,z,ts,dz/) Often occurs with deaffrication and stopping. Ex. “cage” is “cadz” “shovel” is “tovel”

Labial assimilation

The change of a nonlabial sound into a labial sound under the influence of a neighboring sound

Labial assimilation

“swing” is “fwing” or “library is bibrary”

Interdentalization

Sibilants (alveolars, palatals, affricatives) are dentalized or replaced by interdentals. Often requires remediation to address and therefore is considered problemactic for normal phonological development

Interdentalization

“this” is “thith” or “glasses” is “glathes”

Prevocalic voicing

Voiceless obstruent (/p,t,k,f,s,ʃ,tʃ/) before a vowel, liquid, or glide is replaced by a voiced obstruent (/b,d,g,v,z, ʒ,dʒ/). Often occurs with cluster reduction

Prevocalic voicing

“stamp” is “damp” or “plate” is “bate”

Final consonant deletion

Consonant in the final position of a word (or first half of a compound word) is deleted

Final consonant deletion

“dog” is “da” or “toad” is “toe”

weak syllable deletion

a syllable (typically unstressed) in a polysyllabic word is deleted. Includes syllable coalescence” in which parts of two adjacent syllables are combined.

weak syllable deletion

“banana”→ “nana” or “bana”

Nasal cluster reduction

Cluster of nasal plus non-/s/ obstruent (/ŋk or /mp/) is reduced by one element, typically the nasal. Can occur across syllable boundaries (“grama” for “grandma”). Important to ensure that the child doesn’t have cold

Nasal cluster reduction

“shampoo” is “shapoo” or “princess” is “pricess”