AP Bio Units 1.4-1.7

Carbohydrates CHO ratio

1:2:1

Carbohydrates structure

monosaccharides → poly saccharides

simple sugars function

quick energy

complex carbs function

long term E storage or structure

lipid structure

CHO (mostly CH)

CH is …

nonpolar & hydrophobic

saturated fatty acids have

only single bonds

unsaturated fatty acids have

at least 1 2x bond → chain kinks

(lipids) more 2x bonds →

more liquid @ room temp (more unsaturated)

Phospholipids

• nonpolar fatty acid tails form membrane interior

• away from aqueous intracellular & extracellular environment

fats function

• E storage

• insulation for mamals

steroids function

hormones

cholesterol function

structural stability in cell membranes of animals

phospholipids function

lipid bilayer of membranes

Nucleic Acids structure

• CHO + N & P

• made of

  • 5 carbon sugar

  • a phosphate

  • a nitrogenous base

what do dna & rna do

encode info

nitrogenous bases

all organisms follow same pairing rules

Purines

Double rings (AG)

Pyrimidines

single rings (CUT)

Pyrimidines pair w/

purines

Nucleic acids directionality

NA sequences have ends based on 3’ hydroxyl & 5’ phosphate of the sugar

during nucleic acid synthesis nucleotides can only be added to

the 3’ end of the growing strand

DNA structure

• antiparallel 2x helix

• 2 strands of nucleotides running in op directions

• 5’ to 3’ orientation

DNA

• deoxyribose

• ATCG

• double stranded

• contains genes to code for proteins

RNA

• ribose

• AUCG

• single stranded

• involved in protein synthesis

protein structure

chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

• polypeptides

Amino acids

• made of central carbon, amine grp, carboxyl grp, & R grp

• 20 diff AAs

AA r groups can be

• polar

• nonpolar

• ionic

r group interactions …

determine the structure & function of each part of a protein

primary level of protein structure

sequence of AAs in a protein

secondary levl of protein structure

forms due to H bonds btwn backbones of neighboring AAs

• alpha-helices

• beta-pleated sheets

tertiary level of protein structure

• 3D shape

• results from r group interactions

  • H bonds

  • hydrophobic interactions

  • ionic interactions

  • disulfide bridges (cov. bonds)

quaternary lvl of protein structure

Interactions btwn multiple polypeptides to produce a functional protein

NOT APPLICABLE TO ALL PROTEINS