Studied by 5 people
characteristics of development
lifelong
multidimensional
multicultural
multidirectional
changeable (plasticity)
multidisciplinary
multi contextual
periods of development
infancy
early childhood
middle childhood
adolescence
early adulthood
middle adulthood
late adulthood
infancy
ages 0-2
early childhood
ages 2-5
middle childhood
ages 5-12
adolescence
ages 12-18
early adulthood
ages 18-40
middle adulthood
ages 40-65
late adulthood
ages 65 until death
domains of development
biological
cognitive
socioemotional
biological
physical development
cognitive
mental development
socioemotional
relational development
key developmental issues
nature vs nurture
stability vs change
continuity vs discontinuity
nature vs nurture
characteristics due to genes or environment
stability vs change
characteristics stay the same or change as we age
continuity vs discontinuity
underlying nature of characteristics (qualitative change)
research designs
naturalistic observation
case studies
surveys/interviews
standardized tests
physiological measures
descriptive research
correlational research
experimental research
cross-sectional
generational/historical differences
cohort effects
longitudinal
same group of people over time
to much time (loose people)
cross-sequential
combine cross-sectional and longitudinal
groups of different ages over time
theories of development
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
ethological
ecological
humanistic
psychoanalytic theorists
Freud and Erikson
cognitive theorists
Piaget and Vygotsky
behavioral theorists
Watson, Skinner, and Bandura
ethological theorists
Lorenz, Bowlby, and Ainsworth
ecological theorist
Bronfenbrenner
humanistic theorists
Maslow and Rogers
Freud’s psychosexual stages
oral stage
anal stage
phallic stage
latency stage
genital stage
oral stage
ages 0 to 1 1/2
pleasure centers in the mouth
anal stage
ages 1 1/2 to 3
pleasure focuses on anus
phallic stage
ages 3 to 6
pleasure focuses on genitals
latency stage
ages 6 to puberty
repressed sexual interest and developing social and intellectual skills
genital stage
ages puberty and up
sexual reawakening
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
infancy
early childhood
preschool
school age
adolescence
young adult
middle adulthood
maturity
infancy
ages 0 to 1 1/2
trust vs mistrust
feeding and comfort
early childhood
ages 2 to 3
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toilet training/dressing
preschool
ages 3 to 5
initiative vs guilt
exploration/play
school age
ages 6 to 11
industry vs inferiority
school/activities
adolescence
ages 12 to 18
identity vs role confusion
social relationships/identity
young adult
ages 19 to 40
intimacy vs isolation
intimate relationships
middle adulthood
ages 40 to 65
generativity vs stagnation
work and parenthood
maturity
ages 65 and up
ego identity vs despair
reflection on life
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensory-motor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
sensory-motor
ages 0 to 2
coordination of senses and motor skills
preoperational
ages 2 to 7
pre-logical thinking
concrete operational
ages 7 to 11
non-abstract thinking
formal operational
ages 11 and up
abstract thinking
zone of proximal development
the area between too easy and too hard that challenges the learner without frustrating them
classical conditioning
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
operant conditioning
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
modeling aggression
bobo doll with reinforcement
imprinting
moves = mom
infant attachment
less instantaneous attachment to primary caregiver
bioecological theory
macrosystem
exosystem
mesosystem
microsystem
chromosomal abnormalities
down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
fragile X syndrome
XYY syndrome
turner syndrome
down syndrome
trisomy 21
1/1100
Klinefelter syndrome
XXY
underdeveloped male
1/650
fragile X syndrome
attention problems
XYY syndrome
XYY
large in size
1/1000
turner syndrome
XO
underdeveloped females
1/2500
gene-linked abnormalities
cystic fibrosis
diabetes
hemophilia
phenylketonuria
sickle cell anemia
spina bifida
tay-sachs disease
cystic fibrosis
difficulty clearing lungs of mucus
1/3500
diabetes
can’t produce insulin
1/2500
hemophilia
issues with blood clotting
1/5000
phenylketonuria
severe mental challenges if eat certain foods
lipids build up in the brain
1/10-15000
sickle cell anemia
misshapen red blood cells
low oxygen levels
1/100000
spina bifida
maldeveloped spinal chord
spinal cord develops outside spine
1/2750
tay-sachs disease
lipids build up in the brain so it can’t develop
1/3500
sex-linked disorders
mostly affect males (no gene on the Y chromosome to defend)
males cannot be carriers only females
fragile X syndrome
color blindness
male pattern baldness
heritability
estimate of contribution of genes on phenotypic characteristics
studied using twin and adoption studies
passive
children born into “natural” environments
evocative
parents create “special” environments
active
children “seek out” own environments
periods of prenatal development
germinal period
embryonic period
fetal period
germinal period
0 to 14 days
conception to implantation
embryonic period
2 to 8 weeks
implantation to ossification
ossification
the transition from cartilage to bone
fetal period
2 to 9 months
ossification to birth
ectoderm
nervous system, sensory organs, skin
mesoderm
skeletal, muscular, circulatory, reproductive
endoderm
digestive tract, bladder, respiratory system
cephalocaudal
head to toe
proximodistal
midline out
teratogenic influences
drugs, smoking, alcohol
environmental toxins
infections
stress
age
nutrition
quality of prenatal care
germinal period
trip through fallopian tube to uterus
zygote - blastocyst
placenta develops
cells are totipotent
length 1/10 in
embryonic period
cell differentiation and functional grouping
arm and leg buds
heart cells move to chest
bones like cartilage
length 1 in, weight 1/10 oz
3rd month
large head
sex organs, taste, movement
length 3 in, weight 1 oz
4th month
active sucking, hearing
quickening- coordinated (perceived) movement
length 6 in, weight 4-7 oz
5th month
lanugo, vernix
audible heartbeat
breath, swallow, hiccup
length 12 in, weight 1 lb
lanugo
down-like hair: protects skin from acidic amniotic fluid
vernix
waxy substance: protects skin from acidic amniotic fluid
6th month
eyes open, grasping
vernix covers entire body
age of viability
length 14 in, weight 1-2 lbs
age of viability
6 months (24 weeks)
can be born premature and survive
7th month
brain development
organs mature
greater movement in womb
length 16 in, weight 3 lbs
8th month
alveoli develop
sleep patterns appear
differentiate sounds
length 17-18 in, weight 4-5 lbs
9th month
growth slows
less movement
length 20 in, weight 7-8 lbs
process of birth
labor
delivery
afterbirth
labor
6-12 hours
longer 1st birth
delivery
45-60 minutes
Note 
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