human development test #1

characteristics of development

lifelong

multidimensional

multicultural

multidirectional

changeable (plasticity)

multidisciplinary

multi contextual

periods of development

infancy

early childhood

middle childhood

adolescence

early adulthood

middle adulthood

late adulthood

infancy

ages 0-2

early childhood

ages 2-5

middle childhood

ages 5-12

adolescence

ages 12-18

early adulthood

ages 18-40

middle adulthood

ages 40-65

late adulthood

ages 65 until death

domains of development

biological

cognitive

socioemotional

biological

physical development

cognitive

mental development

socioemotional

relational development

key developmental issues

nature vs nurture

stability vs change

continuity vs discontinuity

nature vs nurture

characteristics due to genes or environment

stability vs change

characteristics stay the same or change as we age

continuity vs discontinuity

underlying nature of characteristics (qualitative change)

research designs

naturalistic observation

case studies

surveys/interviews

standardized tests

physiological measures

descriptive research

correlational research

experimental research

cross-sectional

generational/historical differences

cohort effects

longitudinal

same group of people over time

to much time (loose people)

cross-sequential

combine cross-sectional and longitudinal

groups of different ages over time

theories of development

psychoanalytic

cognitive

behavioral

ethological

ecological

humanistic

psychoanalytic theorists

Freud and Erikson

cognitive theorists

Piaget and Vygotsky

behavioral theorists

Watson, Skinner, and Bandura

ethological theorists

Lorenz, Bowlby, and Ainsworth

ecological theorist

Bronfenbrenner

humanistic theorists

Maslow and Rogers

Freud’s psychosexual stages

oral stage

anal stage

phallic stage

latency stage

genital stage

oral stage

ages 0 to 1 1/2

pleasure centers in the mouth

anal stage

ages 1 1/2 to 3

pleasure focuses on anus

phallic stage

ages 3 to 6

pleasure focuses on genitals

latency stage

ages 6 to puberty

repressed sexual interest and developing social and intellectual skills

genital stage

ages puberty and up

sexual reawakening

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

infancy

early childhood

preschool

school age

adolescence

young adult

middle adulthood

maturity

infancy

ages 0 to 1 1/2

trust vs mistrust

feeding and comfort

early childhood

ages 2 to 3

autonomy vs shame and doubt

toilet training/dressing

preschool

ages 3 to 5

initiative vs guilt

exploration/play

school age

ages 6 to 11

industry vs inferiority

school/activities

adolescence

ages 12 to 18

identity vs role confusion

social relationships/identity

young adult

ages 19 to 40

intimacy vs isolation

intimate relationships

middle adulthood

ages 40 to 65

generativity vs stagnation

work and parenthood

maturity

ages 65 and up

ego identity vs despair

reflection on life

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

sensory-motor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

sensory-motor

ages 0 to 2

coordination of senses and motor skills

preoperational

ages 2 to 7

pre-logical thinking

concrete operational

ages 7 to 11

non-abstract thinking

formal operational

ages 11 and up

abstract thinking

zone of proximal development

the area between too easy and too hard that challenges the learner without frustrating them

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

operant conditioning

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

modeling aggression

bobo doll with reinforcement

imprinting

moves = mom

infant attachment

less instantaneous attachment to primary caregiver

bioecological theory

macrosystem

exosystem

mesosystem

microsystem

chromosomal abnormalities

down syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome

fragile X syndrome

XYY syndrome

turner syndrome

down syndrome

trisomy 21

1/1100

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY

underdeveloped male

1/650

fragile X syndrome

attention problems

XYY syndrome

XYY

large in size

1/1000

turner syndrome

XO

underdeveloped females

1/2500

gene-linked abnormalities

cystic fibrosis

diabetes

hemophilia

phenylketonuria

sickle cell anemia

spina bifida

tay-sachs disease

cystic fibrosis

difficulty clearing lungs of mucus

1/3500

diabetes

can’t produce insulin

1/2500

hemophilia

issues with blood clotting

1/5000

phenylketonuria

severe mental challenges if eat certain foods

lipids build up in the brain

1/10-15000

sickle cell anemia

misshapen red blood cells

low oxygen levels

1/100000

spina bifida

maldeveloped spinal chord

spinal cord develops outside spine

1/2750

tay-sachs disease

lipids build up in the brain so it can’t develop

1/3500

sex-linked disorders

mostly affect males (no gene on the Y chromosome to defend)

males cannot be carriers only females

fragile X syndrome

color blindness

male pattern baldness

heritability

estimate of contribution of genes on phenotypic characteristics

studied using twin and adoption studies

passive

children born into “natural” environments

evocative

parents create “special” environments

active

children “seek out” own environments

periods of prenatal development

germinal period

embryonic period

fetal period

germinal period

0 to 14 days

conception to implantation

embryonic period

2 to 8 weeks

implantation to ossification

ossification

the transition from cartilage to bone

fetal period

2 to 9 months

ossification to birth

ectoderm

nervous system, sensory organs, skin

mesoderm

skeletal, muscular, circulatory, reproductive

endoderm

digestive tract, bladder, respiratory system

cephalocaudal

head to toe

proximodistal

midline out

teratogenic influences

drugs, smoking, alcohol

environmental toxins

infections

stress

age

nutrition

quality of prenatal care

germinal period

trip through fallopian tube to uterus

zygote - blastocyst

placenta develops

cells are totipotent

length 1/10 in

embryonic period

cell differentiation and functional grouping

arm and leg buds

heart cells move to chest

bones like cartilage

length 1 in, weight 1/10 oz

3rd month

large head

sex organs, taste, movement

length 3 in, weight 1 oz

4th month

active sucking, hearing

quickening- coordinated (perceived) movement

length 6 in, weight 4-7 oz

5th month

lanugo, vernix

audible heartbeat

breath, swallow, hiccup

length 12 in, weight 1 lb

lanugo

down-like hair: protects skin from acidic amniotic fluid

vernix

waxy substance: protects skin from acidic amniotic fluid

6th month

eyes open, grasping

vernix covers entire body

age of viability

length 14 in, weight 1-2 lbs

age of viability

6 months (24 weeks)

can be born premature and survive

7th month

brain development

organs mature

greater movement in womb

length 16 in, weight 3 lbs

8th month

alveoli develop

sleep patterns appear

differentiate sounds

length 17-18 in, weight 4-5 lbs

9th month

growth slows

less movement

length 20 in, weight 7-8 lbs

process of birth

labor

delivery

afterbirth

labor

6-12 hours

longer 1st birth

delivery

45-60 minutes