APUSH W. Wilson/WW1 VOCAB

Moral Diplomacy

The strategies of WW, tries to apply morals to American’s actions around the world, aims to promote human rights & oppose dictators.

Jones Act 1916

Connects to the Philippines, WW promises them independence “when they're ready”. Promised future independence, created an elected legislature, and WW attempted to distance America from Imperialism

General Victoriano Huerta

Civil War Mexican General in the first few years, WW doesn’t recognize him as a good/valid leader, took power by killing the previously elected president (Madero)

Venustiano Carranza

The new leader after replacing Huerto, Mexican Nationalist, WW supported him but he resisted American Involvement

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionist who attacked American towns in 1916, leading America to send troops after him.

Tampico Incident

U.S. sailors that were arrested by Huerto’s forces, helped to justify later U.S. military action.

Siege of Vera Cruz

Important Mexican City, prevents imports & exports which hurt economy, ABC Powers step in to ease tensions.

ABC Powers

Argentina, Brazil, & Columbia, helped releave tensions between America and Mexico

General “Blackjack” Pershing

Chased down Poncho Villa for a year, never ended up catching him, led soldiers that went to right in Western Europe, known for his brutal and horrendous “concentration” camps

Long Term Causes of WW1

Militarism, Alliance Systems, Imperialism, & Nationalism

Short Term Causes of WW1

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (1914)

1. Central Powers

2. Allied Powers

1. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

2. Britain, Russia, France (Later America)

Neutrality Proclamation

Wilson’s 1916 campaign slogan and earlier stance, that America should stay neutral in the war.

U-Boats

German Submarines that used aggressive tactics against the Allied Powers and neutral shipping.

Lusitania (1915)

British Passenger ship that sunk by a U-Boat, over 1,000 dead, including 128 Americans. Part of the reason why America got involved in the war, but NOT the full or main reason.

Arabic/Sussex (Sussex Pledge)

After these ships were attacked, Germany promised to stop targeting passenger ships without warning (March 1916). Germany then changed opinions and starts attacking again and won’t supply other alliances.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (1917)

Germany resumed sinking any ship that entered war zones. This ended up being a key factor in pushing America to join the war effort.

Trench Warfare

A style of fighting on the Western Front where deep trenches caused stale mates and a heavy amount of casualties.

Zimmerman Note (1917)

A note/proposal to Mexico from Germany, stated if they attack & occupy America, after the European front of the war ends, Germany would win Mexico and other areas back. Britain then intercepts this note and America publishes the letter to country-wide newspaper, officially declaring war on Germany.

Wilson’s 14 Points

Wilson’s play for postwar pea, including self-determination, free trade (freedom of the seas), and a League of Nations; America enters the war to make the world “safe for democracy”

POINT 10 - An attack on one country is an attack on all of the countries within the League.

POINT 14 - When the war is over, The League of Nations will be created as a mechanism of defense.

League of Nations

A international organization proposed by Wilson to prevent future wars; The American Senate shuts down the entrance and America never joins. (“Collective Security; strength in numbers)

Committee on Public Information

A Government organization ran by George Creel, propagandized America joining the war. Would go around and produce movies, songs, pictures, and more, which would all paint the Germans as evil.

Espionage Act (1917)

“You could not critisize the Government in war or protest against [in war related places]”

Sedition Act (1915)

Expanded the Espionage Act, punished speech that criticized the Government or the war effort.

Schneck vs. United States (1919)

A case that ruled that free speech CAN be limited during wartime if it creates a “clear and present danger”

War Industries

A Government controlled agency that coordinated industrial production and supplies for the war effort.

The Great Migration

Mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities for wartime factory jobs. Changed demographics and culture in cities like Chicago, Detroit, and New York. Opened more spots for female workers as well, opening factory jobs to more groups of people. The change did cause widespread race riots, though; “Industry wins the war”

Paris Peace Conference (1919)

The Allied Powers met & determined postwar terms. Germany was not allowed to participate.

The Big Four

The 4 main decision makers at the “Paris Peace Conference”. Woodrow Wilson (America), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Treaty of Versailles

The official peace treaty that ended WW1. Blamed Germany for the war, forced Germany to pay heafty reparations, reduced Germany’s military, and took territory away. Later, the League of Nations was created.

Henry Cabot Lodge/Reservationists

Senate Republicans led by HCL who opposed the Treaty of Versailles, unless changes were made, especially to article X.

Irreconciables

Senators who rejected the Treaty of Versailles no matter what, refusing American involvement in the League of Nations. Their opposition helped to defeat American membership into the League.

Wilson’s Democrats

The other group of Senator’s opinions on the Treaty of Versailles, agreed with Wilson and would do anything that he wants.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader who fought with America in Spain, then led a rebellion against American rule in the Phillippine-American War.

Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903)

After America helped Panama gain independence from Columbia, this Treaty granted America the Panama Canal zone and rights to build the physical canal.

Foraker Act (1900)

Established an American-controlled civilian Government in Puerto Rico, but limited self-rule. It treated Puerto Rico as neither fully independent nor fully apart of America.

Insular Cases (1901-1904)

Supreme Court decisions that rules that constitutional rights did not automatically apply to American territories. This allowed America to govern overseas possessions differently that states.

Platt Amendment

Added to Cuba’s constitution. Allowed American intervention in Cuban affairs, required Cuba to lease naval bases, and prevent Cuba from making treaties without American approval.

Teller Amendment

A American promise that it would free Cuba after the Spanish were defeated and would not annex the island, reassured anti-imperialists in Congress.

Hay Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Britain agreed to let America build & control the canal in Central American alone. This cleared the final diplomatic obstacle to building the Panama Canal.

Root Takahira Agreement (1918)

America and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and maintain the “Open Door Policy” in China, temporarily eased tensions.

Mckinly Tariff (1890)

This Tariff sharply raised import taxes, including Hawaiian sugar. Hawaiian planters lose profits, allowing a reason to push for annexation, so products could get into America with no extra taxes.

“Butcher” Weyler

A Spanish general in Cuba who used harsh “reconcentration camps” to crush the rebellion. His brutality fueled American outrage.